Modelo y simulación hidrogeológica para la sostenibilidad del acuífero libre de los Montes Torozos
The availability of water resources in equal quantity and quality for the required uses, has become the target milestone of any economic or social proposal for an entrepreneurship development. Under these assumptions, there has been lately different perception experiences concerning the evaluation o...
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Universidade de Vigo (España)
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The availability of water resources in equal quantity and quality for the required uses, has become the target milestone of any economic or social proposal for an entrepreneurship development. Under these assumptions, there has been lately different perception experiences concerning the evaluation of water resources and therefore a variety of management paradigms. This social change has allowed to propose new management scenarios, which be able to include more and different parameters such as: climate change, emerging contaminants, or virtual water.
In this research, The Montes Torozos' aquifer has been characterized hydrogeologically, taking into account the typical parameters: precipitation, evapotranspiration, infiltration, groundwater level, permeability, transmissivity, inertia response, exhaustion curve, extractions, runoff, alpha coefficient. The recharge, inputs and outputs were summarized on a water budget. All of them contributed to the conception of an organizational model.
Facing the conceptual model design, the recharge and drainage parameters, and their spatial placement, have been employed to archive the assessment of the resources and their reserves. On the other hand, the environmental characterization of the field workspace (physical and environmental characteristics, biota, socioeconomic issues, and, finally the landscape) allowed the computation of the used hydrological balance.
The volume of water in Monte Torozos aquifer belongs to the Duero river watershed and goes through the provinces of Valladolid and Palencia (Castilla y León, Spain), occupying an area of 1000 km2. It extends between levels 750 and 880 m above sea level, and has got a population that exceeds 47000 habitants distributed in 57 municipalities. It is a region with an aged population, settlements have a low density and are far from each other, usually they located on the border of moorland or its slopes, close to the water springs. The mainly land uses historically are agriculture and Mediterranean forest, but in the last 60 years agriculture is the most extended. For this reason, it is addressed vulnerability integration, in relation to policy, specifically in risk evaluation and risk–benefit considerations focusing the requirements of the European Community’s Water Framework Directive 2000/60/EC and the Groundwater Directive 2006/118/EC. Contamination of groundwater is a complex process and full of uncertainty in regional scale. In fact, has been developed of an integrated vulnerability assessment methodology, that can be useful to effectively manage (including prioritization of limited resource allocation to monitor high risk areas) and protect this valuable freshwater source.
A geographic information system (GIS) was established for the territorial analysis, together with hydrogeological and geostatistical simulation methodologies (the used software was the SpaceStat, 4.08). The results, allows their spatial analysis and visualization, as well as its evolution over the last 50 years. Land-use temporal evolution mapping was performed using a remote sensing based methodology, taking into account the aerial frames of the historical flights of 1956/59 and 1977/83 and CORINE (Coordination of information on the environment) Land Cover (1990, 2000 and 2006) as spatial information.
Geomorphologically this moorland is a morph structural unit, that was originated by sedimentary process in the center of the Duero basin during the Tertiary, with a slight influence of the Neotectonics process. Montes Torozos is a karstic unconfined aquifer. This feature turns the aquifer particularly vulnerable to the emission of external pollutants. The vulnerability assessment was the preliminary and most important, to the estimation of the system’s susceptibility (extrinsic vulnerability) and vulnerability (intrinsic vulnerability). The international indices used were, for the intrinsic vulnerability assessment the DRASTIC and the susceptibility index (SI) for the specific vulnerability. The research insights suggest that the establishment of a pattern of effective governance is mandatory as the future highway, the prison and the airport are overlaying the most vulnerable areas of the aquifer and therefore provide policy makers guidance in overcoming urban water governance challenges.
The obtained results indicates that the Torozos Limestone aquifer is unconfined and a hydrogeological isolated structure. It is a Messinian (Pontiense) subhorizontal limestone, slightly wedge shaped, with a slope of about two thousandths southwest. The main stream, which is built by the aquifer’s slope and thickening, has the same direction. Geologically, could be considered as a horizontal limestone strata laying on a detrital mixed formation of evaporate facies of the Facies Cuestas. The Facies Cuestas is the lower substrate formed by limestone and a series of soft clay loam-gypsum materials. The limestones are grey, hard and showing a microcrystalline structure in banks of varying thickness separated by marly intercalations. The area corresponds to a tectonic zone only modified by diagenetic fracturation, allowing the development of karst channels.
The aquifer is included in the Watershed’s Management Plan 2009 like Body Water of Páramo de los Montes Torozos. Its overall thickness is approximately 6-10 meters, but can reach 30 meters promptly.
The body water recharge’s system is primarily kept in line by the fracture network. A karstic fracturation system was adjusted simulating the sinkhole system alignments NE, SW and SE-NW. The alignment of the surface found on the moor allows that the water erosion and the river network drains the moor towards the SW and almost parallel and generating large valleys. Therefore, this preferential flow towards South-west has determined the course of the hydrographic network, likewise coherent by the fracture network. Direction. Drainage and piezometry parameters, together with the aquifer border conditions, have been subsequently embedded in a hydrodynamic flow model for which was used the software "Visual Modfow". The drainage network of this model is interactive, which facilitates its use as a management and planning tool in the development of a water resources system, based on an attempt/error methodology.
To estimate the model's parameters of the aquifer has been used geostatistical methodologies, namely Gaussian kriging with backtransform, allowed the reconstruction of the moor's piezometric level, smoothing the outliers and a representation in the original variable unit. It was possible to distinguish two zones with different structural behavior in the aquifer. On the other hand piezometric level, extraction system and water spring distribution, allowed the aquifer behavior simulation such as flow steady and transient state. The results validated a dominant flow towards the SO.
The hydrological budget is positive and allows to increase withdrawals without overexploitation risk. The recharged is directly due to rainfall and drawn by: a) hydrographic radial net, b) trickle drainage between limestone and clays, and c) pumping wells. The watershed shows an annual inertia of four months and a water renovation period of two years.
The aquifer environmental characteristics are defined by its intrinsic characteristics as well as the anthropogenic activities. Montes Torozos' aquifer Shows high values of intrinsic and extrinsic vulnerability. Whoever is a highly vulnerable aquifer to pollutant discharges, mostly the ones from agricultural and livestock activities along the full surface of the moor. Together with the discharges of de-icing and anti-icing substances (typically road salt) and/or leaking fuel tanks along the N-601 constitutes the main hazards to forthcoming monitoring and control. There are physical and chemical water parameters exceeding the legal allowed limits. For this reason most of this water is unfit for human consumption, mostly due to the high nitrate concentrations, twice the maximum allowed in many places.
Despite the existence of enough water volume it must be stressed its low quality since there are strong restrictions on its use and management. Being an unconfined aquifer is extremely vulnerable to direct emission of pollutants from topical and diffuse. The sustainability of the water body is good, primarily due to its high resilience and viability management.
Validated models (quantity and quality) allow us to estimate the sustainability of current and potential uses of the system. The flow model calibration is fairly good. For this reason, model can be used for scenarios predictions for different management situations..
Sustainability has been achieved using the following indicators: the assurance of water resources available, the resilience of aquifer after pollutant episode, the vulnerability and risks of likelihood of contamination, the environmental integrity of system (legislation, evolution, cross-compliance, and spatial planning), the equity in water distribution, and the economic viability of extraction.
Should be stressed that those variables are core topics in the vulnerability assessment and water quality classification. Hence the steps proposed aims the system’s conservation and special attention is needed on the monitoring of those variables related to the aquifer protection measures and risk minimization such as emission and/or others that could increase vulnerabilities therefore improving the accuracy for further feasibility solutions. |
| author2 |
Taboada Castro, Javier (Universidade de Vigo) |
| author_facet |
Taboada Castro, Javier (Universidade de Vigo) Sanz Lobón, Germán |
| format |
text (thesis) |
| author |
Sanz Lobón, Germán |
| author_sort |
Sanz Lobón, Germán |
| title |
Modelo y simulación hidrogeológica para la sostenibilidad del acuífero libre de los Montes Torozos |
| title_short |
Modelo y simulación hidrogeológica para la sostenibilidad del acuífero libre de los Montes Torozos |
| title_full |
Modelo y simulación hidrogeológica para la sostenibilidad del acuífero libre de los Montes Torozos |
| title_fullStr |
Modelo y simulación hidrogeológica para la sostenibilidad del acuífero libre de los Montes Torozos |
| title_full_unstemmed |
Modelo y simulación hidrogeológica para la sostenibilidad del acuífero libre de los Montes Torozos |
| title_sort |
modelo y simulación hidrogeológica para la sostenibilidad del acuífero libre de los montes torozos |
| publisher |
Universidade de Vigo (España) |
| publishDate |
2014 |
| url |
https://dialnet.unirioja.es/servlet/oaites?codigo=42524 |
| work_keys_str_mv |
AT sanzlobongerman modeloysimulacionhidrogeologicaparalasostenibilidaddelacuiferolibredelosmontestorozos |
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oai-TES00000064982019-06-27Modelo y simulación hidrogeológica para la sostenibilidad del acuífero libre de los Montes TorozosSanz Lobón, GermánBalance hídricoRiesgos ambientalesAcúiferos - ContaminaciónThe availability of water resources in equal quantity and quality for the required uses, has become the target milestone of any economic or social proposal for an entrepreneurship development. Under these assumptions, there has been lately different perception experiences concerning the evaluation of water resources and therefore a variety of management paradigms. This social change has allowed to propose new management scenarios, which be able to include more and different parameters such as: climate change, emerging contaminants, or virtual water. In this research, The Montes Torozos' aquifer has been characterized hydrogeologically, taking into account the typical parameters: precipitation, evapotranspiration, infiltration, groundwater level, permeability, transmissivity, inertia response, exhaustion curve, extractions, runoff, alpha coefficient. The recharge, inputs and outputs were summarized on a water budget. All of them contributed to the conception of an organizational model. Facing the conceptual model design, the recharge and drainage parameters, and their spatial placement, have been employed to archive the assessment of the resources and their reserves. On the other hand, the environmental characterization of the field workspace (physical and environmental characteristics, biota, socioeconomic issues, and, finally the landscape) allowed the computation of the used hydrological balance. The volume of water in Monte Torozos aquifer belongs to the Duero river watershed and goes through the provinces of Valladolid and Palencia (Castilla y León, Spain), occupying an area of 1000 km2. It extends between levels 750 and 880 m above sea level, and has got a population that exceeds 47000 habitants distributed in 57 municipalities. It is a region with an aged population, settlements have a low density and are far from each other, usually they located on the border of moorland or its slopes, close to the water springs. The mainly land uses historically are agriculture and Mediterranean forest, but in the last 60 years agriculture is the most extended. For this reason, it is addressed vulnerability integration, in relation to policy, specifically in risk evaluation and risk–benefit considerations focusing the requirements of the European Community’s Water Framework Directive 2000/60/EC and the Groundwater Directive 2006/118/EC. Contamination of groundwater is a complex process and full of uncertainty in regional scale. In fact, has been developed of an integrated vulnerability assessment methodology, that can be useful to effectively manage (including prioritization of limited resource allocation to monitor high risk areas) and protect this valuable freshwater source. A geographic information system (GIS) was established for the territorial analysis, together with hydrogeological and geostatistical simulation methodologies (the used software was the SpaceStat, 4.08). The results, allows their spatial analysis and visualization, as well as its evolution over the last 50 years. Land-use temporal evolution mapping was performed using a remote sensing based methodology, taking into account the aerial frames of the historical flights of 1956/59 and 1977/83 and CORINE (Coordination of information on the environment) Land Cover (1990, 2000 and 2006) as spatial information. Geomorphologically this moorland is a morph structural unit, that was originated by sedimentary process in the center of the Duero basin during the Tertiary, with a slight influence of the Neotectonics process. Montes Torozos is a karstic unconfined aquifer. This feature turns the aquifer particularly vulnerable to the emission of external pollutants. The vulnerability assessment was the preliminary and most important, to the estimation of the system’s susceptibility (extrinsic vulnerability) and vulnerability (intrinsic vulnerability). The international indices used were, for the intrinsic vulnerability assessment the DRASTIC and the susceptibility index (SI) for the specific vulnerability. The research insights suggest that the establishment of a pattern of effective governance is mandatory as the future highway, the prison and the airport are overlaying the most vulnerable areas of the aquifer and therefore provide policy makers guidance in overcoming urban water governance challenges. The obtained results indicates that the Torozos Limestone aquifer is unconfined and a hydrogeological isolated structure. It is a Messinian (Pontiense) subhorizontal limestone, slightly wedge shaped, with a slope of about two thousandths southwest. The main stream, which is built by the aquifer’s slope and thickening, has the same direction. Geologically, could be considered as a horizontal limestone strata laying on a detrital mixed formation of evaporate facies of the Facies Cuestas. The Facies Cuestas is the lower substrate formed by limestone and a series of soft clay loam-gypsum materials. The limestones are grey, hard and showing a microcrystalline structure in banks of varying thickness separated by marly intercalations. The area corresponds to a tectonic zone only modified by diagenetic fracturation, allowing the development of karst channels. The aquifer is included in the Watershed’s Management Plan 2009 like Body Water of Páramo de los Montes Torozos. Its overall thickness is approximately 6-10 meters, but can reach 30 meters promptly. The body water recharge’s system is primarily kept in line by the fracture network. A karstic fracturation system was adjusted simulating the sinkhole system alignments NE, SW and SE-NW. The alignment of the surface found on the moor allows that the water erosion and the river network drains the moor towards the SW and almost parallel and generating large valleys. Therefore, this preferential flow towards South-west has determined the course of the hydrographic network, likewise coherent by the fracture network. Direction. Drainage and piezometry parameters, together with the aquifer border conditions, have been subsequently embedded in a hydrodynamic flow model for which was used the software "Visual Modfow". The drainage network of this model is interactive, which facilitates its use as a management and planning tool in the development of a water resources system, based on an attempt/error methodology. To estimate the model's parameters of the aquifer has been used geostatistical methodologies, namely Gaussian kriging with backtransform, allowed the reconstruction of the moor's piezometric level, smoothing the outliers and a representation in the original variable unit. It was possible to distinguish two zones with different structural behavior in the aquifer. On the other hand piezometric level, extraction system and water spring distribution, allowed the aquifer behavior simulation such as flow steady and transient state. The results validated a dominant flow towards the SO. The hydrological budget is positive and allows to increase withdrawals without overexploitation risk. The recharged is directly due to rainfall and drawn by: a) hydrographic radial net, b) trickle drainage between limestone and clays, and c) pumping wells. The watershed shows an annual inertia of four months and a water renovation period of two years. The aquifer environmental characteristics are defined by its intrinsic characteristics as well as the anthropogenic activities. Montes Torozos' aquifer Shows high values of intrinsic and extrinsic vulnerability. Whoever is a highly vulnerable aquifer to pollutant discharges, mostly the ones from agricultural and livestock activities along the full surface of the moor. Together with the discharges of de-icing and anti-icing substances (typically road salt) and/or leaking fuel tanks along the N-601 constitutes the main hazards to forthcoming monitoring and control. There are physical and chemical water parameters exceeding the legal allowed limits. For this reason most of this water is unfit for human consumption, mostly due to the high nitrate concentrations, twice the maximum allowed in many places. Despite the existence of enough water volume it must be stressed its low quality since there are strong restrictions on its use and management. Being an unconfined aquifer is extremely vulnerable to direct emission of pollutants from topical and diffuse. The sustainability of the water body is good, primarily due to its high resilience and viability management. Validated models (quantity and quality) allow us to estimate the sustainability of current and potential uses of the system. The flow model calibration is fairly good. For this reason, model can be used for scenarios predictions for different management situations.. Sustainability has been achieved using the following indicators: the assurance of water resources available, the resilience of aquifer after pollutant episode, the vulnerability and risks of likelihood of contamination, the environmental integrity of system (legislation, evolution, cross-compliance, and spatial planning), the equity in water distribution, and the economic viability of extraction. Should be stressed that those variables are core topics in the vulnerability assessment and water quality classification. Hence the steps proposed aims the system’s conservation and special attention is needed on the monitoring of those variables related to the aquifer protection measures and risk minimization such as emission and/or others that could increase vulnerabilities therefore improving the accuracy for further feasibility solutions.La disponibilidad de recursos hídricos en cantidad y calidad adecuada para los usos demandados, se ha convertido en una de las piedras angulares de cualquier propuesta de desarrollo económico y social. Bajo estas premisas se ha producido un cambio en la percepción y la valoración de los recursos hídricos y consecuentemente en un cambio en los paradigmas de la planificación. Este cambio social ha permitido generar nuevos escenarios para la gestión de los recursos hídricos, que incluyan el cambio climático, el estudio de los contaminantes emergentes, o incluso la cuantificación del agua virtual. En este trabajo de investigación, una vez caracterizado hidrogeológicamente el acuífero del páramo de los Montes Torozos, a través de los parámetros hidrogeológicos clásicos: la precipitación, la evapotranspiración, la infiltración, la piezometría, la permeabilidad, la trasmisividad, la inercia de respuesta, la curva de agotamiento, el coeficiente α, las extracciones y la escorrentía superficial, se ha determinado el balance hídrico mediante el estudio de la recarga y las salidas. A partir de todas ellas se ha elaborado un modelo conceptual de funcionamiento del sistema. Sobre el modelo conceptual, y partiendo de los parámetros de recarga y drenaje, así como de su situación espacial, se ha hecho una evaluación del volumen de los recursos y de las reservas disponibles. Mediante la caracterización ambiental del área de trabajo (medio físico, medio biótico, medio socioeconómico y medio perceptual) se han estimado las demandas presentes y futuras, cerrándose de esta manera el balance hídrico del sistema acuífero de los Montes Torozos (cuenca hidrográfica del río Duero, provincias de Valladolid y Palencia, superficie de 1.000 km2, cota del páramo varía entre los 750 y los 880 m snm, población 47000 hab. distribuidos por 57 términos municipales). Respecto a los aprovechamientos del suelo de la zona, el páramo estaba ocupado por los usos agrícolas y forestales, pero la roturación progresiva de tierras ha dado lugar a que los cultivos de secano hayan llegado a ser el uso más extendido hoy en día. Por esta razón, con el fin de asumir el contenido de la Directiva Marco del Agua de la Comunidad Europea 2000/60/CE y la Directiva sobre aguas subterráneas 2006/118/CE, se ha decidido evaluar su vulnerabilidad, como base para proponer las políticas de articulación territorial. En este sentido, la evaluación de contaminación de las aguas subterráneas es un proceso complejo y lleno de incertidumbre a escala regional. Para lo cual, se ha desarrollado una metodología integrada de evaluación de la vulnerabilidad, que pueda servir para gestionar eficazmente y proteger una fuente de recursos naturales tan valiosa como es el agua dulce, en dicha metodología se ha tenido en cuenta la jerarquía de uso o la protección de las zonas de alto riesgo o muy sensibles. Durante el proceso de caracterización se ha generado un sistema de información geográfico (SIG), a partir del cual se ha realizado el análisis territorial de forma paralela al desarrollo de las metodologías empleadas para la construcción de los modelos hidrogeológicos y geoestadísticos (SpaceStat 4.08). El tratamiento de la información cartográfica, además, ha permitido visualizar la evolución espacio- temporal a lo largo de los últimos 50 años de las variables espaciales analizadas. Dicho análisis se ha traducido en la elaboración de cartografía temática obtenida a partir de técnicas de teledetección y fotointerpretación de imágenes de satélite, ortofotografías y fotogramas de los vuelos históricos de 1956/59 y 1977/83 apoyadas sobre la cartografía de los proyectos CORINE (Coordination of information on the environment) Land Cover de los años 1990, 2000 y 2006. El Páramo de los Montes Torozos se trata de un acuífero kárstico y libre, que lo hace especialmente vulnerable a la inmisión de contaminantes externos, por ello y para determinar el estado actual y evaluar objetivamente la vulnerabilidad del sistema se ha efectuado una primera caracterización de los parámetros físico-químicos más representativos, y posteriormente se han estimado los índices de vulnerabilidad y susceptibilidad empleando la metodología DRASTIC. La aplicación de estos índices, ha demostrado que es necesario elaborar un modelo de articulación territorial eficaz que evite situar en las zonas más vulnerables las actividades más peligrosas como la autovía, el aeropuerto, la cárcel o la subestación de transformación eléctrica. Los resultados obtenidos de la caracterización permiten concluir que el acuífero libre de los Montes Torozos es una estructura hidrogeológicamente aislada, compuesta por una serie calcárea Pontiense aparentemente subhorizontal, ligeramente acuñada, y con una pendiente de unas 2 milésimas hacia el suroeste. Estas características son las responsables de que del flujo preferencial en esta misma dirección y sentido. Geológicamente, el páramo está constituido por una superficie estructural de calizas sensiblemente horizontales, que reposan sobre una capa de materiales impermeables de origen mixto detrítico evaporítico de la Facies Cuestas. Éstas constituye el substrato inferior a las calizas y está constituido por una serie de materiales blandos arcillosos margoso-yesíferos. Las calizas, por su parte, son de color gris, duras y con una estructura microcristalina, y se encuentran en bancos de espesor variable separados por intercalaciones margosas. El acuífero se corresponde con la masa de agua superficial del Páramo de Torozos (identificador 400032), incluida en el Plan Hidrológica de la Cuenca del Duero de 2009, su espesor general es de 6 a 10 metros, aunque puntualmente puede alcanzar los 30 metros. La recarga del sistema se efectúa preferentemente a través de la red de fisuración Finineógena. Por este motivo se ha desarrollado un sistema kárstico que en superficie está constituido por un sistema de dolinas, que se ajusta con las alineaciones de la red de fracturas, NE-SO y SE-NO de la fase Iberomanchega. Esto permite que la acción erosiva del agua dibuje una red hidrográfica que drena el páramo hacia el SO dando lugar a amplios valles paralelos en forma de artesa. Este flujo preferente es el responsable del trazado de la red fluvial y su mayor desarrollo, y por tanto consecuente a su vez con la red de fisuración. Teniendo en cuenta estos alineamientos se han introducido los parámetros de la piezometría y el drenaje del sistema dentro del modelo de flujo hidrodinámico mediante la herramienta "Visual Modfow". La red de drenaje definida y validada en este modelo tiene un carácter interactivo, lo que facilita su uso como herramienta de gestión en la planificación de la explotación de los recursos hídricos del sistema. Pero para la elaboración de este modelo ha sido necesario recurrir a la reconstrucción geoestadística de la superficie piezométrica del páramo, lo que ha permitido diferenciar dos zonas en el acuífero. A partir de éstas, se ha determinado el régimen de extracciones y del aforo de manantiales; y se ha modelizado y simulado el comportamiento del flujo del acuífero en régimen estacionario y transitorio. Los resultados obtenidos corroboran diversas hipótesis sobre el acuífero, entre las que está el flujo dominante hacia el SO alimentando los manantiales y arroyos más caudalosos del acuífero. Por otra parte, a pesar de la existencia de un volumen suficiente, debido su escasa calidad, la masa de agua presenta fuertes restricciones para su aprovechamiento y gestión debido a su composición química. Es decir, puede asumirse un incremento de las extracciones sin poner en riesgo de sobrexplotación el sistema, siempre y cuando el agua no se use para consumo humano. Respecto su funcionamiento, el acuífero, presenta unas entras, que se produce principalmente por: a) las precipitaciones, y b) los retornos de riego; y unas salidas, asociadas con: a) el drenaje perimetral, b) el drenaje difuso entre las calizas y las arcillas, y c) por las extracciones mediante pozos. Así, en base a los datos experimentales se ha determinado que la masa de agua presenta una inercia de cuatro meses y un periodo completo de renovación de los recursos de dos años. En lo referente la vulnerabilidad, Torozos presenta una alta vulnerabilidad a la inmisión de contaminantes, principalmente los procedentes de las actividades agrícolas y ganaderas, que serían extensivas a toda la superficie del páramo, pero también las asociadas al vertido de sustancias egelantes y/o fugas de los depósitos de combustibles a lo largo de la carretera N-601. De esta forma, se justifica la existencia de parámetros fisicoquímicos del agua que superan los límites legales permitidos . Por esta razón, la mayor parte del agua no es apta para el consumo humano, sobre todo debido a las altas concentraciones de nitrato, que duplican el máximo permitido en muchos lugares. Validados los modelos de cantidad y calidad del recurso disponible se ha estimado la sostenibilidad de los usos actuales y potenciales del sistema a partir de la determinación de los siguientes indicadores: la fiabilidad del sistema de abastecimiento de agua, la resiliencia del sistema, la vulnerabilidad y riesgos del sistema, la integridad del sistema ambiental, la equidad en la distribución del agua, y la viabilidad económica de la explotación. Integrando todas las variables que definen la sostenibilidad de uso del acuífero, se puede concluir que esta es buena. No obstante se debe prestar especial atención a aquellas variables que se ven influenciadas por la vulnerabilidad y calidad del agua, como serían la fiabilidad del abastecimiento en calidad y la integridad asociada al uso agrícola extensivo. De esta manera las medidas que se proponen adoptar en términos de conservación se vinculan a la protección del acuífero, con medidas que minimicen los riesgos de inmisión y/o no aumenten la vulnerabilidad del sistema, mejorando el suministro y las demandas planteadas.Universidade de Vigo (España)Taboada Castro, Javier (Universidade de Vigo)Martínez-Alegría López, Roberto (Universidad Europea Miguel de Cervantes - Dpto. Departamento de Enseñanzas Técnicas)2014text (thesis)application/pdfhttps://dialnet.unirioja.es/servlet/oaites?codigo=42524spaLICENCIA DE USO: Los documentos a texto completo incluidos en Dialnet son de acceso libre y propiedad de sus autores y/o editores. Por tanto, cualquier acto de reproducción, distribución, comunicación pública y/o transformación total o parcial requiere el consentimiento expreso y escrito de aquéllos. Cualquier enlace al texto completo de estos documentos deberá hacerse a través de la URL oficial de éstos en Dialnet. 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