Contribución al manejo integrado de ácaros tetraníquidos (Acari: Tetranychidae) que afectan a frutales de clima templado
Tetranychus urticae is a cosmopolitan and polyphagous spider mite pest that causes problems in more than 150 economically important crops. This species is a key pest in many of these hosts. On the other hand, Panonychus ulmi is also a widespread and polyphagous species important as pest of fruit tre...
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Universidad de La Rioja (España)
2016
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Tetranychus urticae is a cosmopolitan and polyphagous spider mite pest that causes problems in more than 150 economically important crops. This species is a key pest in many of these hosts. On the other hand, Panonychus ulmi is also a widespread and polyphagous species important as pest of fruit trees and, specially, of the apple tree.
The importance of spider mites as pests species have recently increased. The massive use of no selective pesticides has been one of the reasons, because these compounds have dramatically reduced the populations of its natural enemies. This fact, combined with the development of resistances against many acaricides, is the reason why the spider mites are currently one of the most important phytosanitary problems.
Taking into account the importance to implement Integrated Pest Management (IPM) programs, developing researches to optimize its implementation in the case of spider mite pest has a special interest.
In regard with T. urticae, the effect of two biorational pesticides (the inhibitor of chitin synthesis, flufenoxuron, and the ecdysone antagonist, azadirachtin) has been deeply analysed in this work. On the other hand, the compatibility of both compounds and the entomopathogenic fungus Beauveria bassiana has also been researched.
Flufenoxuron showed an important acaricidal effect on eggs, protonymphs, deutonymphs and adults of T. urticae, being especially effective on protonymphs. Meanwhile, azadirachtin also showed an interesting effect on the same spider mite developmental stages (more important on protonymphs and deutonymphs), although lower than in the case of flufenoxuron. When both acaricides were applied on adult females of the pest, the effect was different; flufenoxuron did not affect to the longevity and fecundity, but it has a negative effect on fertility and on the percentage of the progeny survival; on the contrary, azadirachtin only affected the female longevity and fecundity. To know the effect that the pesticides have on the life table parameters of the pest populations, at specific physical conditions, is very interesting in IPM programs. The current work shows that, under the bioassay conditions, flufenoxuron significantly reduced the intrinsic rate of increase (rm) of T. urticae at 2 mg/l. Therefore, at this concentration, mite population increases extremely slowly, with a doubling time (DT) of more than 2,200 days. Similarly, azadirachtin caused a dramatic reduction of the rm when applied at the concentration of 80 mg/l. In fact, the value of the rm was negative, indicating that the treated population tended to disappear (halving every 21 days).
Researches about the joint use of pesticides and natural enemies have an obvious relevance in IPM programs. In this study, it was shown that flufenoxuron did not affect the mycelial growth of B. bassiana and, when used with the entomopathogenic fungus on T. urticae larvae, a synergistic effect was observed. Meanwhile, although azadirachtin did reduce the growth of the mycelium of the fungus, when applied together on the mite, a synergistic effect was also observed, although less pronounced than in the case of flufenoxuron. In regard with P. ulmi, the researches were, first, focused on improving their laboratory mass rearing. Secondly, the possibility to obtain individuals from the field was analysed. Finally, the determination of the end of diapause and the modellization of the embryonic development, to predict the hatching date of the P. ulmi eggs in the field, was also researched.
The fitness of 12 plant species as P. ulmi hosts was evaluated. The host used to feed the spider mite significantly influenced on biological and life table parameters of the females. So, important differences between hosts were observed with respect to female longevity and fecundity, (fertility, however, was not affected). Hosts also influenced the developmental time and survival of the immature stages of the mite. The higher value of rm was obtained on apple tree, while a dramatically decreasing was observed in rose, cherry and chaenomeles (with positive values close to zero), becoming negative in the case of pear tree. On this host, and under the conditions of the bioassay, the spider mite population tends to disappear over time.
Researches to improve the establishment of laboratory colonies of P. ulmi from field overwintering eggs were developed. The factors "temperature" and "period keeping cold" applied in laboratory to collected eggs did not affect the percentage of hatching when the collection was late. On the contrary, when the collection is earlier, both factors had influence on this parameter. The "period keeping cold" is the factor that affects more significantly on the percentage of hatching finally achieved. This percentage is higher as the number of cold days increases (reaching 60% for 100 days, compared to 10% for 10). Moreover, this factor (in the case of eggs collected at early date) is the only one that affects to the required time to get the 50% of egg hatching (T50%). In fact, the T50% value decreases as the number of days in cold increases (T50% reaches a value of about 15 days when the eggs were in cold 100 days and about 40- 50, when they were in cold 10 days).
Finally, the date to which the beginning of the postdiapausa of field overwintering P. ulmi eggs happened was estimated (18 and 20 February in 2005 and 2007, respectively). The Lower Developmental Thresholds (LDT) and the Degree Days values (DD) in the same years (5.47 ° C and 6.13 ° C, respectively, for LDT and 55.3 and 276.4, respectively, for DD) were also obtained. These data could become in a valuable tool for decision making in the integrated management of the spider mite. |
| author2 |
Pérez Moreno, Ignacio (Universidad de La Rioja) |
| author_facet |
Pérez Moreno, Ignacio (Universidad de La Rioja) Martínez Villar, Elena |
| format |
text (thesis) |
| author |
Martínez Villar, Elena |
| spellingShingle |
Martínez Villar, Elena Contribución al manejo integrado de ácaros tetraníquidos (Acari: Tetranychidae) que afectan a frutales de clima templado |
| author_sort |
Martínez Villar, Elena |
| title |
Contribución al manejo integrado de ácaros tetraníquidos (Acari: Tetranychidae) que afectan a frutales de clima templado |
| title_short |
Contribución al manejo integrado de ácaros tetraníquidos (Acari: Tetranychidae) que afectan a frutales de clima templado |
| title_full |
Contribución al manejo integrado de ácaros tetraníquidos (Acari: Tetranychidae) que afectan a frutales de clima templado |
| title_fullStr |
Contribución al manejo integrado de ácaros tetraníquidos (Acari: Tetranychidae) que afectan a frutales de clima templado |
| title_full_unstemmed |
Contribución al manejo integrado de ácaros tetraníquidos (Acari: Tetranychidae) que afectan a frutales de clima templado |
| title_sort |
contribución al manejo integrado de ácaros tetraníquidos (acari: tetranychidae) que afectan a frutales de clima templado |
| publisher |
Universidad de La Rioja (España) |
| publishDate |
2016 |
| url |
https://dialnet.unirioja.es/servlet/oaites?codigo=48487 |
| work_keys_str_mv |
AT martinezvillarelena contribucionalmanejointegradodeacarostetraniquidosacaritetranychidaequeafectanafrutalesdeclimatemplado |
| _version_ |
1718346647059038208 |
| spelling |
oai-TES00000106702019-08-03Contribución al manejo integrado de ácaros tetraníquidos (Acari: Tetranychidae) que afectan a frutales de clima templadoMartínez Villar, ElenaTetranychus urticae is a cosmopolitan and polyphagous spider mite pest that causes problems in more than 150 economically important crops. This species is a key pest in many of these hosts. On the other hand, Panonychus ulmi is also a widespread and polyphagous species important as pest of fruit trees and, specially, of the apple tree. The importance of spider mites as pests species have recently increased. The massive use of no selective pesticides has been one of the reasons, because these compounds have dramatically reduced the populations of its natural enemies. This fact, combined with the development of resistances against many acaricides, is the reason why the spider mites are currently one of the most important phytosanitary problems. Taking into account the importance to implement Integrated Pest Management (IPM) programs, developing researches to optimize its implementation in the case of spider mite pest has a special interest. In regard with T. urticae, the effect of two biorational pesticides (the inhibitor of chitin synthesis, flufenoxuron, and the ecdysone antagonist, azadirachtin) has been deeply analysed in this work. On the other hand, the compatibility of both compounds and the entomopathogenic fungus Beauveria bassiana has also been researched. Flufenoxuron showed an important acaricidal effect on eggs, protonymphs, deutonymphs and adults of T. urticae, being especially effective on protonymphs. Meanwhile, azadirachtin also showed an interesting effect on the same spider mite developmental stages (more important on protonymphs and deutonymphs), although lower than in the case of flufenoxuron. When both acaricides were applied on adult females of the pest, the effect was different; flufenoxuron did not affect to the longevity and fecundity, but it has a negative effect on fertility and on the percentage of the progeny survival; on the contrary, azadirachtin only affected the female longevity and fecundity. To know the effect that the pesticides have on the life table parameters of the pest populations, at specific physical conditions, is very interesting in IPM programs. The current work shows that, under the bioassay conditions, flufenoxuron significantly reduced the intrinsic rate of increase (rm) of T. urticae at 2 mg/l. Therefore, at this concentration, mite population increases extremely slowly, with a doubling time (DT) of more than 2,200 days. Similarly, azadirachtin caused a dramatic reduction of the rm when applied at the concentration of 80 mg/l. In fact, the value of the rm was negative, indicating that the treated population tended to disappear (halving every 21 days). Researches about the joint use of pesticides and natural enemies have an obvious relevance in IPM programs. In this study, it was shown that flufenoxuron did not affect the mycelial growth of B. bassiana and, when used with the entomopathogenic fungus on T. urticae larvae, a synergistic effect was observed. Meanwhile, although azadirachtin did reduce the growth of the mycelium of the fungus, when applied together on the mite, a synergistic effect was also observed, although less pronounced than in the case of flufenoxuron. In regard with P. ulmi, the researches were, first, focused on improving their laboratory mass rearing. Secondly, the possibility to obtain individuals from the field was analysed. Finally, the determination of the end of diapause and the modellization of the embryonic development, to predict the hatching date of the P. ulmi eggs in the field, was also researched. The fitness of 12 plant species as P. ulmi hosts was evaluated. The host used to feed the spider mite significantly influenced on biological and life table parameters of the females. So, important differences between hosts were observed with respect to female longevity and fecundity, (fertility, however, was not affected). Hosts also influenced the developmental time and survival of the immature stages of the mite. The higher value of rm was obtained on apple tree, while a dramatically decreasing was observed in rose, cherry and chaenomeles (with positive values close to zero), becoming negative in the case of pear tree. On this host, and under the conditions of the bioassay, the spider mite population tends to disappear over time. Researches to improve the establishment of laboratory colonies of P. ulmi from field overwintering eggs were developed. The factors "temperature" and "period keeping cold" applied in laboratory to collected eggs did not affect the percentage of hatching when the collection was late. On the contrary, when the collection is earlier, both factors had influence on this parameter. The "period keeping cold" is the factor that affects more significantly on the percentage of hatching finally achieved. This percentage is higher as the number of cold days increases (reaching 60% for 100 days, compared to 10% for 10). Moreover, this factor (in the case of eggs collected at early date) is the only one that affects to the required time to get the 50% of egg hatching (T50%). In fact, the T50% value decreases as the number of days in cold increases (T50% reaches a value of about 15 days when the eggs were in cold 100 days and about 40- 50, when they were in cold 10 days). Finally, the date to which the beginning of the postdiapausa of field overwintering P. ulmi eggs happened was estimated (18 and 20 February in 2005 and 2007, respectively). The Lower Developmental Thresholds (LDT) and the Degree Days values (DD) in the same years (5.47 ° C and 6.13 ° C, respectively, for LDT and 55.3 and 276.4, respectively, for DD) were also obtained. These data could become in a valuable tool for decision making in the integrated management of the spider mite.Tetranychus urticae es un ácaro cosmopolita y polífago que causa problemas en más de 150 cultivos de importancia económica, constituyéndose en su principal plaga en muchas ocasiones. Por su parte, Panonychus ulmi también es una especie ampliamente distribuida y polífaga que alcanza su mayor importancia como plaga de frutales de hoja caduca y, en particular, en el cultivo del manzano. Los ácaros plaga han incrementado notablemente su importancia, entre otros motivos, por el uso indiscriminado y masivo de productos fitosanitarios orgánicos de síntesis poco selectivos que han mermado de forma drástica las poblaciones de sus enemigos naturales. Ello, unido a la facilidad que sus poblaciones tienen para adquirir resistencias frente a productos fitosanitarios, ha hecho que, en la actualidad, ocupen un primer plano en la problemática fitosanitaria general. Considerando, además, la importancia de actuar dentro del Manejo Integrado de Plagas (IPM), resulta de especial interés desarrollar investigaciones que tenga como objetivo optimizar su puesta en práctica en el caso de las plagas de ácaros. En el presente estudio, y respecto a T. urticae, se ha trabajado en dicho objetivo en dos sentidos. Por un lado, se ha analizado con detalle el efecto que dos plaguicidas biorracionales (el inhibidor de la síntesis de quitina, flufenoxurón, y el antagonista de la ecdisona, azadiractina) tienen sobre la plaga y, por otro, se ha analizado la compatibilidad de la utilización de cada uno de ellos con el hongo entomopatógeno Beauveria bassiana. El flufenoxurón mostró una importante eficacia acaricida sobre huevos, protoninfas, deutoninfas y adultos de T. urticae, eficacia que resultó ser especialmente importante en el caso de las protoninfas. Por su parte, la azadiractina también mostró un efecto interesante sobre los mismos estados y estadios de desarrollo del ácaro (más importante sobre protoninfas y deutoninfas), aunque menor que el del flufenoxurón. El efecto de los acaricidas aplicados sobre hembras adultas fue diferente entre ellos. Así, mientras que el flufenoxurón no afectó ni a la longevidad ni a la fecundidad y sí a la fertilidad y a la supervivencia de su progenie, la azadiractina tuvo un comportamiento opuesto, afectando solo a la longevidad y a la fecundidad. Muy interesante resulta conocer el efecto que los productos fitosanitarios ejercen sobre los parámetros de la tabla de vida de poblaciones de las plagas en unas condiciones físicas concretas. En el presente trabajo, se determinó que, en las condiciones ensayadas, el flufenoxurón redujo de forma significativa la tasa intrínseca de crecimiento (rm) de T. urticae a la concentración de 2 mg/l, de modo que, a dicha concentración, la población del ácaro tendió a aumentar pero de forma extremadamente lenta (con un tiempo de duplicación de más de 2.200 días). De forma similar, la azadiractina provocó un descenso drástico en la rm del ácaro cuando se aplicó sobre hembras jóvenes a la concentración de 80 mg/l. De hecho, el valor de dicha tasa intrínseca de crecimiento pasó a ser negativa, indicando que la población así tratada tendía a desaparecer (reduciéndose a la mitad cada 21 días). Generar conocimientos que contribuyan a compatibilizar el uso conjunto de la lucha química y la lucha microbiológica tiene una importancia obvia en el contexto del IPM. Así, en el presente trabajo, se demostró que el flufenoxurón no afectó al crecimiento del micelio de B. bassiana. Además, resultó que la aplicación conjunta sobre T. urticae del compuesto químico y del hongo entomopatógeno tuvo un efecto sinergista. Por su parte, aunque la presencia de azadiractina en el medio de cultivo sí redujo el crecimiento de micelio del hongo, cuando se aplicaron conjuntamente sobre el ácaro, también se observó un efecto sinergista, aunque menos acusado que en el caso del flufenoxuron. En lo que se refiere a P. ulmi, las investigaciones se centraron en la mejora de su cría y en la posibilidad de disponer de individuos en laboratorio, como base para facilitar las investigaciones sobre el ácaro. También se enfocó el interés en la determinación de la salida de la diapausa por parte de los huevos hibernantes y en la modelización del desarrollo embrionario postdiapausa, para poder predecir la fecha de eclosión en campo, todo ello, para ser utilizado como herramienta en la toma de decisiones dentro del manejo de la plaga. En concreto, se evaluó la calidad como huéspedes, de 12 especies leñosas. Se observó que el huésped utilizado influyó de modo importante en diferentes parámetros biológicos de las hembras adultas de P. ulmi y sobre los parámetros de la tabla de vida. Así, se observaron diferencias importantes entre huéspedes, en lo que respecta a la longevidad y fecundidad de las hembras (la fertilidad, por el contrario, no se vio afectada). El huésped también influyó en la duración total del desarrollo de los estados y estadios inmaduros del ácaro y en la supervivencia total acumulada de los mismos. Por último, los valores de los parámetros de la tabla de vida de las poblaciones ensayadas de P. ulmi y, concretamente de la rm, también se vieron afectados, de modo que el mayor valor se obtuvo sobre manzano, mientras que disminuyó de forma muy importante en los casos del rosal, cerezo y chaenomeles (con valores positivos próximos a cero), llegando a ser negativa en el del peral, sobre cuyo huésped, y en las condiciones ensayadas, la población tiende a desaparecer a lo largo del tiempo. De cara a facilitar la disponibilidad de individuos de P. ulmi en laboratorio, a partir de huevos hibernantes en campo, se observó que, cuando la recogida es más tardía, ni el valor de la temperatura ni el tiempo durante el que se sometan a ella los huevos tras su recogida, van a influir en el porcentaje de eclosión, mientras que sí influyen cuando la recogida es más temprana. En este caso, el factor "número de días a los que someten los huevos a bajas temperaturas" es el que afecta de modo más determinante en los porcentajes de eclosión finalmente alcanzados. Cuanto más se prolonga el tiempo en frío, mayor es el porcentaje de eclosión (llegando al 60 % para 100 días, frente al 10 %, para 10). Además, este factor, en el caso de huevos recogidos en fecha temprana, es el único de los ensayados que afecta también al tiempo necesario para la eclosión del 50% de los huevos (T50%), de modo que su valor disminuye a medida que aumenta el número de días en frío. Así, la T50% alcanza un valor de unos 15 días cuando los huevos estaban 100 días en frío y de unos 40-50, cuando estaban 10. Finalmente, para los huevos hibernantes de P. ulmi en campo, se estimó la fecha a la que sucedía el inicio de la postdiapausa (18 y 20 de febrero para los años 2005 y 2007, respectivamente). También se obtuvieron valores para el Umbral mínimo de Desarrollo (UmD) y para el sumatorio teórico de los Grados-Día (DD) en los mismos años (5,47 ºC y 6,13 ºC, respectivamente, para UmD y 55,3 y 276,4, respectivamente, para DD). Estos datos, a falta de ser validados en condiciones de campo, se pueden convertir en una valiosa herramienta para la toma de decisiones en el manejo integrado del ácaro.Universidad de La Rioja (España)Pérez Moreno, Ignacio (Universidad de La Rioja)Marco Mancebón, Vicente Santiago (Universidad de La Rioja)2016text (thesis)application/pdfhttps://dialnet.unirioja.es/servlet/oaites?codigo=48487spaLICENCIA DE USO: Los documentos a texto completo incluidos en Dialnet son de acceso libre y propiedad de sus autores y/o editores. Por tanto, cualquier acto de reproducción, distribución, comunicación pública y/o transformación total o parcial requiere el consentimiento expreso y escrito de aquéllos. Cualquier enlace al texto completo de estos documentos deberá hacerse a través de la URL oficial de éstos en Dialnet. 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