Hoplitolyda duolunica gen. et sp. nov. (Insecta, Hymenoptera, Praesiricidae), the Hitherto largest sawfly from the Mesozoic of China.

<h4>Background</h4>Large body size of an insect, in general, enhances its capability of predation, competition, and defense, resulting in better survivability and reproduction. Hymenopterans, most being phytophagous or parasitic, have a relatively small to medium body size, typically und...

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Autores principales:	Taiping Gao, Chungkun Shih, Alexandr P Rasnitsyn, Dong Ren
Formato:	article
Lenguaje:	EN
Publicado:	Public Library of Science (PLoS) 2013
Materias:	Medicine R Science Q
Acceso en línea:	https://doaj.org/article/009bcf2539244deab8ef51e8a504ff4e
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spelling	oai:doaj.org-article:009bcf2539244deab8ef51e8a504ff4e2021-11-18T07:46:52ZHoplitolyda duolunica gen. et sp. nov. (Insecta, Hymenoptera, Praesiricidae), the Hitherto largest sawfly from the Mesozoic of China.1932-620310.1371/journal.pone.0062420https://doaj.org/article/009bcf2539244deab8ef51e8a504ff4e2013-01-01T00:00:00Zhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/pmid/23671596/?tool=EBIhttps://doaj.org/toc/1932-6203<h4>Background</h4>Large body size of an insect, in general, enhances its capability of predation, competition, and defense, resulting in better survivability and reproduction. Hymenopterans, most being phytophagous or parasitic, have a relatively small to medium body size, typically under 50.0 mm in body length.<h4>Principal findings</h4>Herein, we describe Hoplitolyda duolunica gen. et sp. nov., assigned to Praesiricidae, from the Early Cretaceous Yixian Formation of China. This new species is the largest fossil hymenopteran hitherto with body estimated >55.0 mm long and wing span >92.0 mm. H. duolunica is, to our knowledge, the only sawfly with Sc present in the hind wing but not in the forewing. Its Rs1 and M1 meeting each other at 145° angle represents an intermediate in the transition from "Y" to "T" shapes. Even though Hoplitolyda differs significantly from all previously described genera in two subfamilies of Praesricidae, we leave the new genus unplaced in existing subfamilies, pending discovery of material with more taxonomic structure.<h4>Conclusions/significance</h4>Hoplitolyda has many unique and interesting characters which might have benefitted its competition, survival, and reproduction: large body size and head with robust and strong mandibles for defense and/or sexual selection, unique wing venation and setal arrangements for flight capability and mobility, dense hairs on body and legs for sensing and protection, etc. Considering the reported ferocious predators of feathered dinosaurs, pterosaurs, birds, and mammals coexisting in the same eco-system, Hoplitolyda is an interesting case of "survival of the fittest" in facing its evolutionary challenges.Taiping GaoChungkun ShihAlexandr P RasnitsynDong RenPublic Library of Science (PLoS)articleMedicineRScienceQENPLoS ONE, Vol 8, Iss 5, p e62420 (2013)
institution	DOAJ
collection	DOAJ
language	EN
topic	Medicine R Science Q
spellingShingle	Medicine R Science Q Taiping Gao Chungkun Shih Alexandr P Rasnitsyn Dong Ren Hoplitolyda duolunica gen. et sp. nov. (Insecta, Hymenoptera, Praesiricidae), the Hitherto largest sawfly from the Mesozoic of China.
description	<h4>Background</h4>Large body size of an insect, in general, enhances its capability of predation, competition, and defense, resulting in better survivability and reproduction. Hymenopterans, most being phytophagous or parasitic, have a relatively small to medium body size, typically under 50.0 mm in body length.<h4>Principal findings</h4>Herein, we describe Hoplitolyda duolunica gen. et sp. nov., assigned to Praesiricidae, from the Early Cretaceous Yixian Formation of China. This new species is the largest fossil hymenopteran hitherto with body estimated >55.0 mm long and wing span >92.0 mm. H. duolunica is, to our knowledge, the only sawfly with Sc present in the hind wing but not in the forewing. Its Rs1 and M1 meeting each other at 145° angle represents an intermediate in the transition from "Y" to "T" shapes. Even though Hoplitolyda differs significantly from all previously described genera in two subfamilies of Praesricidae, we leave the new genus unplaced in existing subfamilies, pending discovery of material with more taxonomic structure.<h4>Conclusions/significance</h4>Hoplitolyda has many unique and interesting characters which might have benefitted its competition, survival, and reproduction: large body size and head with robust and strong mandibles for defense and/or sexual selection, unique wing venation and setal arrangements for flight capability and mobility, dense hairs on body and legs for sensing and protection, etc. Considering the reported ferocious predators of feathered dinosaurs, pterosaurs, birds, and mammals coexisting in the same eco-system, Hoplitolyda is an interesting case of "survival of the fittest" in facing its evolutionary challenges.
format	article
author	Taiping Gao Chungkun Shih Alexandr P Rasnitsyn Dong Ren
author_facet	Taiping Gao Chungkun Shih Alexandr P Rasnitsyn Dong Ren
author_sort	Taiping Gao
title	Hoplitolyda duolunica gen. et sp. nov. (Insecta, Hymenoptera, Praesiricidae), the Hitherto largest sawfly from the Mesozoic of China.
title_short	Hoplitolyda duolunica gen. et sp. nov. (Insecta, Hymenoptera, Praesiricidae), the Hitherto largest sawfly from the Mesozoic of China.
title_full	Hoplitolyda duolunica gen. et sp. nov. (Insecta, Hymenoptera, Praesiricidae), the Hitherto largest sawfly from the Mesozoic of China.
title_fullStr	Hoplitolyda duolunica gen. et sp. nov. (Insecta, Hymenoptera, Praesiricidae), the Hitherto largest sawfly from the Mesozoic of China.
title_full_unstemmed	Hoplitolyda duolunica gen. et sp. nov. (Insecta, Hymenoptera, Praesiricidae), the Hitherto largest sawfly from the Mesozoic of China.
title_sort	hoplitolyda duolunica gen. et sp. nov. (insecta, hymenoptera, praesiricidae), the hitherto largest sawfly from the mesozoic of china.
publisher	Public Library of Science (PLoS)
publishDate	2013
url	https://doaj.org/article/009bcf2539244deab8ef51e8a504ff4e
work_keys_str_mv	AT taipinggao hoplitolydaduolunicagenetspnovinsectahymenopterapraesiricidaethehithertolargestsawflyfromthemesozoicofchina AT chungkunshih hoplitolydaduolunicagenetspnovinsectahymenopterapraesiricidaethehithertolargestsawflyfromthemesozoicofchina AT alexandrprasnitsyn hoplitolydaduolunicagenetspnovinsectahymenopterapraesiricidaethehithertolargestsawflyfromthemesozoicofchina AT dongren hoplitolydaduolunicagenetspnovinsectahymenopterapraesiricidaethehithertolargestsawflyfromthemesozoicofchina
_version_	1718422950879690752

Hoplitolyda duolunica gen. et sp. nov. (Insecta, Hymenoptera, Praesiricidae), the Hitherto largest sawfly from the Mesozoic of China.

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