Multiple routes of pesticide exposure for honey bees living near agricultural fields.

Populations of honey bees and other pollinators have declined worldwide in recent years. A variety of stressors have been implicated as potential causes, including agricultural pesticides. Neonicotinoid insecticides, which are widely used and highly toxic to honey bees, have been found in previous a...

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Autores principales:	Christian H Krupke, Greg J Hunt, Brian D Eitzer, Gladys Andino, Krispn Given
Formato:	article
Lenguaje:	EN
Publicado:	Public Library of Science (PLoS) 2012
Materias:	Medicine R Science Q
Acceso en línea:	https://doaj.org/article/00d4c77b276a43cba96cb69bb7061fa1
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spelling	oai:doaj.org-article:00d4c77b276a43cba96cb69bb7061fa12021-11-18T07:31:09ZMultiple routes of pesticide exposure for honey bees living near agricultural fields.1932-620310.1371/journal.pone.0029268https://doaj.org/article/00d4c77b276a43cba96cb69bb7061fa12012-01-01T00:00:00Zhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/pmid/22235278/?tool=EBIhttps://doaj.org/toc/1932-6203Populations of honey bees and other pollinators have declined worldwide in recent years. A variety of stressors have been implicated as potential causes, including agricultural pesticides. Neonicotinoid insecticides, which are widely used and highly toxic to honey bees, have been found in previous analyses of honey bee pollen and comb material. However, the routes of exposure have remained largely undefined. We used LC/MS-MS to analyze samples of honey bees, pollen stored in the hive and several potential exposure routes associated with plantings of neonicotinoid treated maize. Our results demonstrate that bees are exposed to these compounds and several other agricultural pesticides in several ways throughout the foraging period. During spring, extremely high levels of clothianidin and thiamethoxam were found in planter exhaust material produced during the planting of treated maize seed. We also found neonicotinoids in the soil of each field we sampled, including unplanted fields. Plants visited by foraging bees (dandelions) growing near these fields were found to contain neonicotinoids as well. This indicates deposition of neonicotinoids on the flowers, uptake by the root system, or both. Dead bees collected near hive entrances during the spring sampling period were found to contain clothianidin as well, although whether exposure was oral (consuming pollen) or by contact (soil/planter dust) is unclear. We also detected the insecticide clothianidin in pollen collected by bees and stored in the hive. When maize plants in our field reached anthesis, maize pollen from treated seed was found to contain clothianidin and other pesticides; and honey bees in our study readily collected maize pollen. These findings clarify some of the mechanisms by which honey bees may be exposed to agricultural pesticides throughout the growing season. These results have implications for a wide range of large-scale annual cropping systems that utilize neonicotinoid seed treatments.Christian H KrupkeGreg J HuntBrian D EitzerGladys AndinoKrispn GivenPublic Library of Science (PLoS)articleMedicineRScienceQENPLoS ONE, Vol 7, Iss 1, p e29268 (2012)
institution	DOAJ
collection	DOAJ
language	EN
topic	Medicine R Science Q
spellingShingle	Medicine R Science Q Christian H Krupke Greg J Hunt Brian D Eitzer Gladys Andino Krispn Given Multiple routes of pesticide exposure for honey bees living near agricultural fields.
description	Populations of honey bees and other pollinators have declined worldwide in recent years. A variety of stressors have been implicated as potential causes, including agricultural pesticides. Neonicotinoid insecticides, which are widely used and highly toxic to honey bees, have been found in previous analyses of honey bee pollen and comb material. However, the routes of exposure have remained largely undefined. We used LC/MS-MS to analyze samples of honey bees, pollen stored in the hive and several potential exposure routes associated with plantings of neonicotinoid treated maize. Our results demonstrate that bees are exposed to these compounds and several other agricultural pesticides in several ways throughout the foraging period. During spring, extremely high levels of clothianidin and thiamethoxam were found in planter exhaust material produced during the planting of treated maize seed. We also found neonicotinoids in the soil of each field we sampled, including unplanted fields. Plants visited by foraging bees (dandelions) growing near these fields were found to contain neonicotinoids as well. This indicates deposition of neonicotinoids on the flowers, uptake by the root system, or both. Dead bees collected near hive entrances during the spring sampling period were found to contain clothianidin as well, although whether exposure was oral (consuming pollen) or by contact (soil/planter dust) is unclear. We also detected the insecticide clothianidin in pollen collected by bees and stored in the hive. When maize plants in our field reached anthesis, maize pollen from treated seed was found to contain clothianidin and other pesticides; and honey bees in our study readily collected maize pollen. These findings clarify some of the mechanisms by which honey bees may be exposed to agricultural pesticides throughout the growing season. These results have implications for a wide range of large-scale annual cropping systems that utilize neonicotinoid seed treatments.
format	article
author	Christian H Krupke Greg J Hunt Brian D Eitzer Gladys Andino Krispn Given
author_facet	Christian H Krupke Greg J Hunt Brian D Eitzer Gladys Andino Krispn Given
author_sort	Christian H Krupke
title	Multiple routes of pesticide exposure for honey bees living near agricultural fields.
title_short	Multiple routes of pesticide exposure for honey bees living near agricultural fields.
title_full	Multiple routes of pesticide exposure for honey bees living near agricultural fields.
title_fullStr	Multiple routes of pesticide exposure for honey bees living near agricultural fields.
title_full_unstemmed	Multiple routes of pesticide exposure for honey bees living near agricultural fields.
title_sort	multiple routes of pesticide exposure for honey bees living near agricultural fields.
publisher	Public Library of Science (PLoS)
publishDate	2012
url	https://doaj.org/article/00d4c77b276a43cba96cb69bb7061fa1
work_keys_str_mv	AT christianhkrupke multipleroutesofpesticideexposureforhoneybeeslivingnearagriculturalfields AT gregjhunt multipleroutesofpesticideexposureforhoneybeeslivingnearagriculturalfields AT briandeitzer multipleroutesofpesticideexposureforhoneybeeslivingnearagriculturalfields AT gladysandino multipleroutesofpesticideexposureforhoneybeeslivingnearagriculturalfields AT krispngiven multipleroutesofpesticideexposureforhoneybeeslivingnearagriculturalfields
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Multiple routes of pesticide exposure for honey bees living near agricultural fields.

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