Understanding and optimizing Evolon® CR for varnish removal from oil paintings

Abstract Evolon $$^\circledR$$ ® CR is increasingly used in paintings conservation for varnish removal from oil paintings. Its key benefits over traditional cotton swabs are limiting solvent exposure and reducing mechanical action on the paint surface. However, this non-woven microfilament textile w...

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Autores principales:	Lambert Baij, Chun Liu, Jesse Buijs, Alba Alvarez Martin, Dorien Westert, Laura Raven, Norbert Geels, Petria Noble, Joris Sprakel, Katrien Keune
Formato:	article
Lenguaje:	EN
Publicado:	SpringerOpen 2021
Materias:	Oil paint cleaning Evolon $$^\circledR$$ ® CR Varnish removal Portable laser speckle imaging Fine Arts N Analytical chemistry QD71-142
Acceso en línea:	https://doaj.org/article/013372f699a84314a670382fafcf50b5
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spelling	oai:doaj.org-article:013372f699a84314a670382fafcf50b52021-11-28T12:08:52ZUnderstanding and optimizing Evolon® CR for varnish removal from oil paintings10.1186/s40494-021-00627-92050-7445https://doaj.org/article/013372f699a84314a670382fafcf50b52021-11-01T00:00:00Zhttps://doi.org/10.1186/s40494-021-00627-9https://doaj.org/toc/2050-7445Abstract Evolon $$^\circledR$$ ® CR is increasingly used in paintings conservation for varnish removal from oil paintings. Its key benefits over traditional cotton swabs are limiting solvent exposure and reducing mechanical action on the paint surface. However, this non-woven microfilament textile was not originally engineered for conservation use and little is known about its chemical stability towards organic solvents. Moreover, the physical processes of solvent loading and release by Evolon $$^\circledR$$ ® CR, as well as solvent retention inside paint after cleaning, have not been studied. These three topics were investigated using a multi-analytical approach, aiming for an improved understanding and optimized use of Evolon $$^\circledR$$ ® CR for varnish removal. Our results show that the tissue is generally chemically and physically stable to organic solvents when exposed on timescales that are typical in conservation practice. However, a pre-treatment step of Evolon $$^\circledR$$ ® CR is necessary to avoid the release of unwanted saturated fatty acids into the paint during varnish removal. We show that the primary mechanism of solvent uptake by the fibers is adsorption rather than absorption and that the dominant factor dictating the maximum solvent load is the volume of the voids between the fibers. Finally, solvent induced dynamics after application of solvent-loaded Evolon $$^\circledR$$ ® CR within the paint film was monitored using portable laser speckle imaging on model paints. A method to quantify solvent-retention in real-time was developed and revealed that the presence of varnish on paintings results in lower dynamics of solvents within the paint in comparison to unvarnished paint. Comparing various solvents, it was found that cleaning with acetone resulted in a roughly six-fold increase in dynamics compared to ethanol and isopropanol.Lambert BaijChun LiuJesse BuijsAlba Alvarez MartinDorien WestertLaura RavenNorbert GeelsPetria NobleJoris SprakelKatrien KeuneSpringerOpenarticleOil paint cleaningEvolon $$^\circledR$$ ® CRVarnish removalPortable laser speckle imagingFine ArtsNAnalytical chemistryQD71-142ENHeritage Science, Vol 9, Iss 1, Pp 1-17 (2021)
institution	DOAJ
collection	DOAJ
language	EN
topic	Oil paint cleaning Evolon $$^\circledR$$ ® CR Varnish removal Portable laser speckle imaging Fine Arts N Analytical chemistry QD71-142
spellingShingle	Oil paint cleaning Evolon $$^\circledR$$ ® CR Varnish removal Portable laser speckle imaging Fine Arts N Analytical chemistry QD71-142 Lambert Baij Chun Liu Jesse Buijs Alba Alvarez Martin Dorien Westert Laura Raven Norbert Geels Petria Noble Joris Sprakel Katrien Keune Understanding and optimizing Evolon® CR for varnish removal from oil paintings
description	Abstract Evolon $$^\circledR$$ ® CR is increasingly used in paintings conservation for varnish removal from oil paintings. Its key benefits over traditional cotton swabs are limiting solvent exposure and reducing mechanical action on the paint surface. However, this non-woven microfilament textile was not originally engineered for conservation use and little is known about its chemical stability towards organic solvents. Moreover, the physical processes of solvent loading and release by Evolon $$^\circledR$$ ® CR, as well as solvent retention inside paint after cleaning, have not been studied. These three topics were investigated using a multi-analytical approach, aiming for an improved understanding and optimized use of Evolon $$^\circledR$$ ® CR for varnish removal. Our results show that the tissue is generally chemically and physically stable to organic solvents when exposed on timescales that are typical in conservation practice. However, a pre-treatment step of Evolon $$^\circledR$$ ® CR is necessary to avoid the release of unwanted saturated fatty acids into the paint during varnish removal. We show that the primary mechanism of solvent uptake by the fibers is adsorption rather than absorption and that the dominant factor dictating the maximum solvent load is the volume of the voids between the fibers. Finally, solvent induced dynamics after application of solvent-loaded Evolon $$^\circledR$$ ® CR within the paint film was monitored using portable laser speckle imaging on model paints. A method to quantify solvent-retention in real-time was developed and revealed that the presence of varnish on paintings results in lower dynamics of solvents within the paint in comparison to unvarnished paint. Comparing various solvents, it was found that cleaning with acetone resulted in a roughly six-fold increase in dynamics compared to ethanol and isopropanol.
format	article
author	Lambert Baij Chun Liu Jesse Buijs Alba Alvarez Martin Dorien Westert Laura Raven Norbert Geels Petria Noble Joris Sprakel Katrien Keune
author_facet	Lambert Baij Chun Liu Jesse Buijs Alba Alvarez Martin Dorien Westert Laura Raven Norbert Geels Petria Noble Joris Sprakel Katrien Keune
author_sort	Lambert Baij
title	Understanding and optimizing Evolon® CR for varnish removal from oil paintings
title_short	Understanding and optimizing Evolon® CR for varnish removal from oil paintings
title_full	Understanding and optimizing Evolon® CR for varnish removal from oil paintings
title_fullStr	Understanding and optimizing Evolon® CR for varnish removal from oil paintings
title_full_unstemmed	Understanding and optimizing Evolon® CR for varnish removal from oil paintings
title_sort	understanding and optimizing evolon® cr for varnish removal from oil paintings
publisher	SpringerOpen
publishDate	2021
url	https://doaj.org/article/013372f699a84314a670382fafcf50b5
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Understanding and optimizing Evolon® CR for varnish removal from oil paintings

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