Time trends and inequalities of under-five mortality in Nepal: a secondary data analysis of four demographic and health surveys between 1996 and 2011.

<h4>Background</h4>Inequalities in progress towards achievement of Millennium Development Goal four (MDG-4) reflect unequal access to child health services.<h4>Objective</h4>To examine the time trends, socio-economic and regional inequalities of under-five mortality rate (U5M...

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Autores principales:	Chandrashekhar T Sreeramareddy, H N Harsha Kumar, Brijesh Sathian
Formato:	article
Lenguaje:	EN
Publicado:	Public Library of Science (PLoS) 2013
Materias:	Medicine R Science Q
Acceso en línea:	https://doaj.org/article/0151de567d69440e95735b962ded8816
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spelling	oai:doaj.org-article:0151de567d69440e95735b962ded88162021-11-18T08:48:25ZTime trends and inequalities of under-five mortality in Nepal: a secondary data analysis of four demographic and health surveys between 1996 and 2011.1932-620310.1371/journal.pone.0079818https://doaj.org/article/0151de567d69440e95735b962ded88162013-01-01T00:00:00Zhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/pmid/24224010/pdf/?tool=EBIhttps://doaj.org/toc/1932-6203<h4>Background</h4>Inequalities in progress towards achievement of Millennium Development Goal four (MDG-4) reflect unequal access to child health services.<h4>Objective</h4>To examine the time trends, socio-economic and regional inequalities of under-five mortality rate (U5MR) in Nepal.<h4>Methods</h4>We analyzed the data from complete birth histories of four Nepal Demographic and Health Surveys (NDHS) done in the years 1996, 2001, 2006 and 2011. For each livebirth, we computed survival period from birth until either fifth birthday or the survey date. Using direct methods i.e. by constructing life tables, we calculated yearly U5MRs from 1991 to 2010. Projections were made for the years 2011 to 2015. For each NDHS, U5MRs were calculated according to child's sex, mother's education, household wealth index, rural/urban residence, development regions and ecological zones. Inequalities were calculated as rate difference, rate ratio, population attributable risk and hazard ratio.<h4>Results</h4>Yearly U5MR (per 1000 live births) had decreased from 157.3 (95% CIs 178.0-138.9) in 1991 to 43.2 (95% CIs 59.1-31.5) in 2010 i.e. 114.1 reduction in absolute risk. Projected U5MR for the year 2015 was 54.33. U5MRs had decreased in absolute terms in all sub groups but relative inequalities had reduced for gender and rural/urban residence only. Wide inequalities existed by wealth and education and increased between 1996 and 2011. For lowest wealth quintile (as compared to highest quintile) hazard ratio (HR) increased from 1.37 (95% CIs 1.27, 1.49) to 2.54 ( 95% CIs 2.25, 2.86) and for mothers having no education (as compared to higher education) HR increased from 2.55 (95% CIs 1.95, 3.33) to 3.75 (95% CIs 3.17, 4.44). Changes in regional inequities were marginal and irregular.<h4>Conclusions</h4>Nepal is most likely to achieve MDG-4 but eductional and wealth inequalities may widen further. National health policies should address to reduce inequalities in U5MR through 'inclusive policies'.Chandrashekhar T SreeramareddyH N Harsha KumarBrijesh SathianPublic Library of Science (PLoS)articleMedicineRScienceQENPLoS ONE, Vol 8, Iss 11, p e79818 (2013)
institution	DOAJ
collection	DOAJ
language	EN
topic	Medicine R Science Q
spellingShingle	Medicine R Science Q Chandrashekhar T Sreeramareddy H N Harsha Kumar Brijesh Sathian Time trends and inequalities of under-five mortality in Nepal: a secondary data analysis of four demographic and health surveys between 1996 and 2011.
description	<h4>Background</h4>Inequalities in progress towards achievement of Millennium Development Goal four (MDG-4) reflect unequal access to child health services.<h4>Objective</h4>To examine the time trends, socio-economic and regional inequalities of under-five mortality rate (U5MR) in Nepal.<h4>Methods</h4>We analyzed the data from complete birth histories of four Nepal Demographic and Health Surveys (NDHS) done in the years 1996, 2001, 2006 and 2011. For each livebirth, we computed survival period from birth until either fifth birthday or the survey date. Using direct methods i.e. by constructing life tables, we calculated yearly U5MRs from 1991 to 2010. Projections were made for the years 2011 to 2015. For each NDHS, U5MRs were calculated according to child's sex, mother's education, household wealth index, rural/urban residence, development regions and ecological zones. Inequalities were calculated as rate difference, rate ratio, population attributable risk and hazard ratio.<h4>Results</h4>Yearly U5MR (per 1000 live births) had decreased from 157.3 (95% CIs 178.0-138.9) in 1991 to 43.2 (95% CIs 59.1-31.5) in 2010 i.e. 114.1 reduction in absolute risk. Projected U5MR for the year 2015 was 54.33. U5MRs had decreased in absolute terms in all sub groups but relative inequalities had reduced for gender and rural/urban residence only. Wide inequalities existed by wealth and education and increased between 1996 and 2011. For lowest wealth quintile (as compared to highest quintile) hazard ratio (HR) increased from 1.37 (95% CIs 1.27, 1.49) to 2.54 ( 95% CIs 2.25, 2.86) and for mothers having no education (as compared to higher education) HR increased from 2.55 (95% CIs 1.95, 3.33) to 3.75 (95% CIs 3.17, 4.44). Changes in regional inequities were marginal and irregular.<h4>Conclusions</h4>Nepal is most likely to achieve MDG-4 but eductional and wealth inequalities may widen further. National health policies should address to reduce inequalities in U5MR through 'inclusive policies'.
format	article
author	Chandrashekhar T Sreeramareddy H N Harsha Kumar Brijesh Sathian
author_facet	Chandrashekhar T Sreeramareddy H N Harsha Kumar Brijesh Sathian
author_sort	Chandrashekhar T Sreeramareddy
title	Time trends and inequalities of under-five mortality in Nepal: a secondary data analysis of four demographic and health surveys between 1996 and 2011.
title_short	Time trends and inequalities of under-five mortality in Nepal: a secondary data analysis of four demographic and health surveys between 1996 and 2011.
title_full	Time trends and inequalities of under-five mortality in Nepal: a secondary data analysis of four demographic and health surveys between 1996 and 2011.
title_fullStr	Time trends and inequalities of under-five mortality in Nepal: a secondary data analysis of four demographic and health surveys between 1996 and 2011.
title_full_unstemmed	Time trends and inequalities of under-five mortality in Nepal: a secondary data analysis of four demographic and health surveys between 1996 and 2011.
title_sort	time trends and inequalities of under-five mortality in nepal: a secondary data analysis of four demographic and health surveys between 1996 and 2011.
publisher	Public Library of Science (PLoS)
publishDate	2013
url	https://doaj.org/article/0151de567d69440e95735b962ded8816
work_keys_str_mv	AT chandrashekhartsreeramareddy timetrendsandinequalitiesofunderfivemortalityinnepalasecondarydataanalysisoffourdemographicandhealthsurveysbetween1996and2011 AT hnharshakumar timetrendsandinequalitiesofunderfivemortalityinnepalasecondarydataanalysisoffourdemographicandhealthsurveysbetween1996and2011 AT brijeshsathian timetrendsandinequalitiesofunderfivemortalityinnepalasecondarydataanalysisoffourdemographicandhealthsurveysbetween1996and2011
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Time trends and inequalities of under-five mortality in Nepal: a secondary data analysis of four demographic and health surveys between 1996 and 2011.

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