COVID-19 Syndrome: Nexus with Herbivory and Exposure Dynamics for Monitoring Livestock Welfare and Agro-Environment

The outbreak of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is a public health emergency that turns the year 2020–2021 into annus horribilis for millions of people across international boundaries. The interspecies transmission of this zoonotic virus and mutated variants are aided by...

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Autores principales:	Peter Olutope Fayemi, Omolola Esther Fayemi, Luke Oluwaseye Joel, Michael Gbenga Ogungbuyi
Formato:	article
Lenguaje:	EN
Publicado:	MDPI AG 2021
Materias:	bioreceptors endocytosis exposomics immunogenetics precision-farming model pyrogenicity Environmental effects of industries and plants TD194-195 Renewable energy sources TJ807-830 Environmental sciences GE1-350
Acceso en línea:	https://doaj.org/article/01bd31fca787426aa3c0c96552cc49dd
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spelling	oai:doaj.org-article:01bd31fca787426aa3c0c96552cc49dd2021-11-25T19:00:36ZCOVID-19 Syndrome: Nexus with Herbivory and Exposure Dynamics for Monitoring Livestock Welfare and Agro-Environment10.3390/su1322123812071-1050https://doaj.org/article/01bd31fca787426aa3c0c96552cc49dd2021-11-01T00:00:00Zhttps://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/13/22/12381https://doaj.org/toc/2071-1050The outbreak of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is a public health emergency that turns the year 2020–2021 into annus horribilis for millions of people across international boundaries. The interspecies transmission of this zoonotic virus and mutated variants are aided by exposure dynamics of infected aerosols, fomites and intermediate reservoirs. The spike in the first, second and third waves of coronavirus confirms that herd immunity is not yet reached and everyone including livestock is still vulnerable to the infection. Of serious concern are the communitarian nature of agrarians in the livestock sector, aerogenous spread of the virus and attendant cytocidal effect in permissive cells following activation of pathogen recognition receptors, replication cycles, virulent mutations, seasonal spike in infection rates, flurry of reinfections and excess mortalities that can affect animal welfare and food security. As the capacity to either resist or be susceptible to infection is influenced by numerous factors, identifying coronavirus-associated variants and correlating exposure dynamics with viral aerosols, spirometry indices, comorbidities, susceptible blood types, cellular miRNA binding sites and multisystem inflammatory syndrome remains a challenge where the lethal zoonotic infections are prevalent in the livestock industry, being the hub of dairy, fur, meat and egg production. This review provides insights into the complexity of the disease burden and recommends precision smart-farming models for upscaling biosecurity measures and adoption of digitalised technologies (robotic drones) powered by multiparametric sensors and radio modem systems for real-time tracking of infectious strains in the agro-environment and managing the transition into the new-normal realities in the livestock industry.Peter Olutope FayemiOmolola Esther FayemiLuke Oluwaseye JoelMichael Gbenga OgungbuyiMDPI AGarticlebioreceptorsendocytosisexposomicsimmunogeneticsprecision-farming modelpyrogenicityEnvironmental effects of industries and plantsTD194-195Renewable energy sourcesTJ807-830Environmental sciencesGE1-350ENSustainability, Vol 13, Iss 12381, p 12381 (2021)
institution	DOAJ
collection	DOAJ
language	EN
topic	bioreceptors endocytosis exposomics immunogenetics precision-farming model pyrogenicity Environmental effects of industries and plants TD194-195 Renewable energy sources TJ807-830 Environmental sciences GE1-350
spellingShingle	bioreceptors endocytosis exposomics immunogenetics precision-farming model pyrogenicity Environmental effects of industries and plants TD194-195 Renewable energy sources TJ807-830 Environmental sciences GE1-350 Peter Olutope Fayemi Omolola Esther Fayemi Luke Oluwaseye Joel Michael Gbenga Ogungbuyi COVID-19 Syndrome: Nexus with Herbivory and Exposure Dynamics for Monitoring Livestock Welfare and Agro-Environment
description	The outbreak of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is a public health emergency that turns the year 2020–2021 into annus horribilis for millions of people across international boundaries. The interspecies transmission of this zoonotic virus and mutated variants are aided by exposure dynamics of infected aerosols, fomites and intermediate reservoirs. The spike in the first, second and third waves of coronavirus confirms that herd immunity is not yet reached and everyone including livestock is still vulnerable to the infection. Of serious concern are the communitarian nature of agrarians in the livestock sector, aerogenous spread of the virus and attendant cytocidal effect in permissive cells following activation of pathogen recognition receptors, replication cycles, virulent mutations, seasonal spike in infection rates, flurry of reinfections and excess mortalities that can affect animal welfare and food security. As the capacity to either resist or be susceptible to infection is influenced by numerous factors, identifying coronavirus-associated variants and correlating exposure dynamics with viral aerosols, spirometry indices, comorbidities, susceptible blood types, cellular miRNA binding sites and multisystem inflammatory syndrome remains a challenge where the lethal zoonotic infections are prevalent in the livestock industry, being the hub of dairy, fur, meat and egg production. This review provides insights into the complexity of the disease burden and recommends precision smart-farming models for upscaling biosecurity measures and adoption of digitalised technologies (robotic drones) powered by multiparametric sensors and radio modem systems for real-time tracking of infectious strains in the agro-environment and managing the transition into the new-normal realities in the livestock industry.
format	article
author	Peter Olutope Fayemi Omolola Esther Fayemi Luke Oluwaseye Joel Michael Gbenga Ogungbuyi
author_facet	Peter Olutope Fayemi Omolola Esther Fayemi Luke Oluwaseye Joel Michael Gbenga Ogungbuyi
author_sort	Peter Olutope Fayemi
title	COVID-19 Syndrome: Nexus with Herbivory and Exposure Dynamics for Monitoring Livestock Welfare and Agro-Environment
title_short	COVID-19 Syndrome: Nexus with Herbivory and Exposure Dynamics for Monitoring Livestock Welfare and Agro-Environment
title_full	COVID-19 Syndrome: Nexus with Herbivory and Exposure Dynamics for Monitoring Livestock Welfare and Agro-Environment
title_fullStr	COVID-19 Syndrome: Nexus with Herbivory and Exposure Dynamics for Monitoring Livestock Welfare and Agro-Environment
title_full_unstemmed	COVID-19 Syndrome: Nexus with Herbivory and Exposure Dynamics for Monitoring Livestock Welfare and Agro-Environment
title_sort	covid-19 syndrome: nexus with herbivory and exposure dynamics for monitoring livestock welfare and agro-environment
publisher	MDPI AG
publishDate	2021
url	https://doaj.org/article/01bd31fca787426aa3c0c96552cc49dd
work_keys_str_mv	AT peterolutopefayemi covid19syndromenexuswithherbivoryandexposuredynamicsformonitoringlivestockwelfareandagroenvironment AT omololaestherfayemi covid19syndromenexuswithherbivoryandexposuredynamicsformonitoringlivestockwelfareandagroenvironment AT lukeoluwaseyejoel covid19syndromenexuswithherbivoryandexposuredynamicsformonitoringlivestockwelfareandagroenvironment AT michaelgbengaogungbuyi covid19syndromenexuswithherbivoryandexposuredynamicsformonitoringlivestockwelfareandagroenvironment
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COVID-19 Syndrome: Nexus with Herbivory and Exposure Dynamics for Monitoring Livestock Welfare and Agro-Environment

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