Evaluation of Macular Retinal Vessels and Histological Changes in Two Cases of COVID-19

The purpose of this study was to assess vascular and histological alterations in two COVID-19 and three control post-mortem retinas. The macular areas of flat-mounted samples were processed for immunofluorescence. Lectin and collagen IV positive vessels were captured under confocal microscopy, and e...

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Autores principales:	Maria Hernandez, Jorge González-Zamora, Sergio Recalde, Maite Moreno-Orduña, Valentina Bilbao-Malavé, Manuel Saenz de Viteri, Manuel F. Landecho, Patricia Fernandez-Robredo, Alfredo García-Layana
Formato:	article
Lenguaje:	EN
Publicado:	MDPI AG 2021
Materias:	SARS-CoV-2 COVID-19 macula retina vasculature ACE2 Biology (General) QH301-705.5
Acceso en línea:	https://doaj.org/article/01f3a26be8e642f89bbbec6991f6a4f2
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spelling	oai:doaj.org-article:01f3a26be8e642f89bbbec6991f6a4f22021-11-25T16:48:51ZEvaluation of Macular Retinal Vessels and Histological Changes in Two Cases of COVID-1910.3390/biomedicines91115462227-9059https://doaj.org/article/01f3a26be8e642f89bbbec6991f6a4f22021-10-01T00:00:00Zhttps://www.mdpi.com/2227-9059/9/11/1546https://doaj.org/toc/2227-9059The purpose of this study was to assess vascular and histological alterations in two COVID-19 and three control post-mortem retinas. The macular areas of flat-mounted samples were processed for immunofluorescence. Lectin and collagen IV positive vessels were captured under confocal microscopy, and endothelium loss and tortuosity were analyzed. Expression of ACE2 (angiotensin-converting enzyme 2) (the receptor for SARS-CoV-2), Iba1 (ionized calcium-binding adaptor molecule 1) and GFAP (glial fibrillary acidic protein) were quantified in retinal sections. The number of lectin vessels in COVID-19 retinas decreased by 27% compared to the control (<i>p</i> < 0.01) and the tortuosity increased in COVID-19 retinas (7.3 ± 0.2) vs. control retinas (6.8 ± 0.07) (<i>p</i> < 0.05). Immunofluorescence analysis revealed an increase in ACE2 (2.3 ± 1.3 vs. 1.0 ± 0.1; <i>p</i> < 0.0001) and Iba1 expression (3.06 ± 0.6 vs. 1.0 ± 0.1; <i>p</i> < 0.01) in COVID-19 sections whereas no changes in GFAP were observed. Analysis of the COVID-19 macular retinal tissue suggested that endothelial cells are a preferential target of SARS-CoV-2 with subsequent changes through their ACE2 receptor expression and morphology. Thus, microglial activation was hyperactive when facing an ensuing immunological challenge after SARS-CoV-2 infection.Maria HernandezJorge González-ZamoraSergio RecaldeMaite Moreno-OrduñaValentina Bilbao-MalavéManuel Saenz de ViteriManuel F. LandechoPatricia Fernandez-RobredoAlfredo García-LayanaMDPI AGarticleSARS-CoV-2COVID-19macularetinavasculatureACE2Biology (General)QH301-705.5ENBiomedicines, Vol 9, Iss 1546, p 1546 (2021)
institution	DOAJ
collection	DOAJ
language	EN
topic	SARS-CoV-2 COVID-19 macula retina vasculature ACE2 Biology (General) QH301-705.5
spellingShingle	SARS-CoV-2 COVID-19 macula retina vasculature ACE2 Biology (General) QH301-705.5 Maria Hernandez Jorge González-Zamora Sergio Recalde Maite Moreno-Orduña Valentina Bilbao-Malavé Manuel Saenz de Viteri Manuel F. Landecho Patricia Fernandez-Robredo Alfredo García-Layana Evaluation of Macular Retinal Vessels and Histological Changes in Two Cases of COVID-19
description	The purpose of this study was to assess vascular and histological alterations in two COVID-19 and three control post-mortem retinas. The macular areas of flat-mounted samples were processed for immunofluorescence. Lectin and collagen IV positive vessels were captured under confocal microscopy, and endothelium loss and tortuosity were analyzed. Expression of ACE2 (angiotensin-converting enzyme 2) (the receptor for SARS-CoV-2), Iba1 (ionized calcium-binding adaptor molecule 1) and GFAP (glial fibrillary acidic protein) were quantified in retinal sections. The number of lectin vessels in COVID-19 retinas decreased by 27% compared to the control (<i>p</i> < 0.01) and the tortuosity increased in COVID-19 retinas (7.3 ± 0.2) vs. control retinas (6.8 ± 0.07) (<i>p</i> < 0.05). Immunofluorescence analysis revealed an increase in ACE2 (2.3 ± 1.3 vs. 1.0 ± 0.1; <i>p</i> < 0.0001) and Iba1 expression (3.06 ± 0.6 vs. 1.0 ± 0.1; <i>p</i> < 0.01) in COVID-19 sections whereas no changes in GFAP were observed. Analysis of the COVID-19 macular retinal tissue suggested that endothelial cells are a preferential target of SARS-CoV-2 with subsequent changes through their ACE2 receptor expression and morphology. Thus, microglial activation was hyperactive when facing an ensuing immunological challenge after SARS-CoV-2 infection.
format	article
author	Maria Hernandez Jorge González-Zamora Sergio Recalde Maite Moreno-Orduña Valentina Bilbao-Malavé Manuel Saenz de Viteri Manuel F. Landecho Patricia Fernandez-Robredo Alfredo García-Layana
author_facet	Maria Hernandez Jorge González-Zamora Sergio Recalde Maite Moreno-Orduña Valentina Bilbao-Malavé Manuel Saenz de Viteri Manuel F. Landecho Patricia Fernandez-Robredo Alfredo García-Layana
author_sort	Maria Hernandez
title	Evaluation of Macular Retinal Vessels and Histological Changes in Two Cases of COVID-19
title_short	Evaluation of Macular Retinal Vessels and Histological Changes in Two Cases of COVID-19
title_full	Evaluation of Macular Retinal Vessels and Histological Changes in Two Cases of COVID-19
title_fullStr	Evaluation of Macular Retinal Vessels and Histological Changes in Two Cases of COVID-19
title_full_unstemmed	Evaluation of Macular Retinal Vessels and Histological Changes in Two Cases of COVID-19
title_sort	evaluation of macular retinal vessels and histological changes in two cases of covid-19
publisher	MDPI AG
publishDate	2021
url	https://doaj.org/article/01f3a26be8e642f89bbbec6991f6a4f2
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Evaluation of Macular Retinal Vessels and Histological Changes in Two Cases of COVID-19

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