Effects of E-Cigarette Refill Liquid Flavorings with and without Nicotine on Human Retinal Pigment Epithelial Cells: A Preliminary Study

Smoking is an etiologic factor for age-related macular degeneration (AMD). Although cigarette smoke has been extensively researched for retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) cell degeneration, the potential for adverse effects on the retinal epithelium following exposure to flavored e-cigarette refill li...

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Autores principales:	Shilpi Goenka, Sanford R. Simon
Formato:	article
Lenguaje:	EN
Publicado:	MDPI AG 2021
Materias:	retinal pigment epithelial cells e-cigarettes e-liquid flavorings nicotine cytotoxicity Medicine R
Acceso en línea:	https://doaj.org/article/0242b886c4384736aaa6a07c730d547a
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spelling	oai:doaj.org-article:0242b886c4384736aaa6a07c730d547a2021-11-11T16:45:12ZEffects of E-Cigarette Refill Liquid Flavorings with and without Nicotine on Human Retinal Pigment Epithelial Cells: A Preliminary Study10.3390/ijerph1821116551660-46011661-7827https://doaj.org/article/0242b886c4384736aaa6a07c730d547a2021-11-01T00:00:00Zhttps://www.mdpi.com/1660-4601/18/21/11655https://doaj.org/toc/1661-7827https://doaj.org/toc/1660-4601Smoking is an etiologic factor for age-related macular degeneration (AMD). Although cigarette smoke has been extensively researched for retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) cell degeneration, the potential for adverse effects on the retinal epithelium following exposure to flavored e-cigarette refill liquid has never been explored. In this preliminary study, we have examined the effects of 20 e-liquids (10 different flavored nicotine-free and 10 nicotine-rich e-liquids) used in e-cigarettes on the metabolic activity, membrane integrity, and mitochondrial membrane potential of RPE cells. Our results showed that of the flavors studied over the concentration range: 0.5, 1, and 2% <i>v/v</i> for a duration of 48 h, cinnamon was the most toxic and menthol was the second most toxic, while other flavors showed lesser or no cytotoxicity. The presence of nicotine augmented cytotoxicity for cinnamon, menthol, strawberry, vanilla, and banana while for other flavors there was no synergism. Together, our results demonstrate that exposure of RPE to flavored e-cigarette refill liquids caused significant cytotoxicity and may be a risk factor for the development of retinal pathogenesis, although further in-depth studies are necessary.Shilpi GoenkaSanford R. SimonMDPI AGarticleretinal pigment epithelial cellse-cigarettese-liquidflavoringsnicotinecytotoxicityMedicineRENInternational Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, Vol 18, Iss 11655, p 11655 (2021)
institution	DOAJ
collection	DOAJ
language	EN
topic	retinal pigment epithelial cells e-cigarettes e-liquid flavorings nicotine cytotoxicity Medicine R
spellingShingle	retinal pigment epithelial cells e-cigarettes e-liquid flavorings nicotine cytotoxicity Medicine R Shilpi Goenka Sanford R. Simon Effects of E-Cigarette Refill Liquid Flavorings with and without Nicotine on Human Retinal Pigment Epithelial Cells: A Preliminary Study
description	Smoking is an etiologic factor for age-related macular degeneration (AMD). Although cigarette smoke has been extensively researched for retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) cell degeneration, the potential for adverse effects on the retinal epithelium following exposure to flavored e-cigarette refill liquid has never been explored. In this preliminary study, we have examined the effects of 20 e-liquids (10 different flavored nicotine-free and 10 nicotine-rich e-liquids) used in e-cigarettes on the metabolic activity, membrane integrity, and mitochondrial membrane potential of RPE cells. Our results showed that of the flavors studied over the concentration range: 0.5, 1, and 2% <i>v/v</i> for a duration of 48 h, cinnamon was the most toxic and menthol was the second most toxic, while other flavors showed lesser or no cytotoxicity. The presence of nicotine augmented cytotoxicity for cinnamon, menthol, strawberry, vanilla, and banana while for other flavors there was no synergism. Together, our results demonstrate that exposure of RPE to flavored e-cigarette refill liquids caused significant cytotoxicity and may be a risk factor for the development of retinal pathogenesis, although further in-depth studies are necessary.
format	article
author	Shilpi Goenka Sanford R. Simon
author_facet	Shilpi Goenka Sanford R. Simon
author_sort	Shilpi Goenka
title	Effects of E-Cigarette Refill Liquid Flavorings with and without Nicotine on Human Retinal Pigment Epithelial Cells: A Preliminary Study
title_short	Effects of E-Cigarette Refill Liquid Flavorings with and without Nicotine on Human Retinal Pigment Epithelial Cells: A Preliminary Study
title_full	Effects of E-Cigarette Refill Liquid Flavorings with and without Nicotine on Human Retinal Pigment Epithelial Cells: A Preliminary Study
title_fullStr	Effects of E-Cigarette Refill Liquid Flavorings with and without Nicotine on Human Retinal Pigment Epithelial Cells: A Preliminary Study
title_full_unstemmed	Effects of E-Cigarette Refill Liquid Flavorings with and without Nicotine on Human Retinal Pigment Epithelial Cells: A Preliminary Study
title_sort	effects of e-cigarette refill liquid flavorings with and without nicotine on human retinal pigment epithelial cells: a preliminary study
publisher	MDPI AG
publishDate	2021
url	https://doaj.org/article/0242b886c4384736aaa6a07c730d547a
work_keys_str_mv	AT shilpigoenka effectsofecigaretterefillliquidflavoringswithandwithoutnicotineonhumanretinalpigmentepithelialcellsapreliminarystudy AT sanfordrsimon effectsofecigaretterefillliquidflavoringswithandwithoutnicotineonhumanretinalpigmentepithelialcellsapreliminarystudy
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Effects of E-Cigarette Refill Liquid Flavorings with and without Nicotine on Human Retinal Pigment Epithelial Cells: A Preliminary Study

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