“Indirect development” increases reproductive plasticity and contributes to the success of scyphozoan jellyfish in the oceans

Abstract Ecologists and evolutionary biologists have been looking for the key(s) to the success of scyphomedusae through their long evolutionary history in multiple habitats. Their ability to generate young medusae (ephyrae) via two distinct reproductive strategies, strobilation or direct developmen...

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Autores principales:	Isabella D’Ambra, Louise Merquiol, William M. Graham, John H. Costello
Formato:	article
Lenguaje:	EN
Publicado:	Nature Portfolio 2021
Materias:	Medicine R Science Q
Acceso en línea:	https://doaj.org/article/02b8036b6176466d87592782d0e7f0d8
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spelling	oai:doaj.org-article:02b8036b6176466d87592782d0e7f0d82021-12-02T15:14:37Z“Indirect development” increases reproductive plasticity and contributes to the success of scyphozoan jellyfish in the oceans10.1038/s41598-021-98171-w2045-2322https://doaj.org/article/02b8036b6176466d87592782d0e7f0d82021-09-01T00:00:00Zhttps://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-021-98171-whttps://doaj.org/toc/2045-2322Abstract Ecologists and evolutionary biologists have been looking for the key(s) to the success of scyphomedusae through their long evolutionary history in multiple habitats. Their ability to generate young medusae (ephyrae) via two distinct reproductive strategies, strobilation or direct development from planula into ephyra without a polyp stage, has been a potential explanation. In addition to these reproductive modes, here we provide evidence of a third ephyral production which has been rarely observed and often confused with direct development from planula into ephyra. Planulae of Aurelia relicta Scorrano et al. 2017 and Cotylorhiza tuberculata (Macri 1778) settled and formed fully-grown polyps which transformed into ephyrae within several days. In distinction to monodisk strobilation, the basal polyp of indirect development was merely a non-tentaculate stalk that dissolved shortly after detachment of the ephyra. We provide a fully detailed description of this variant that increases reproductive plasticity within scyphozoan life cycles and is different than either true direct development or the monodisk strobilation. Our observations of this pattern in co-occurrence with mono- and polydisk strobilation in Aurelia spp. suggest that this reproductive mode may be crucial for the survival of some scyphozoan populations within the frame of a bet-hedging strategy and contribute to their long evolutionary success throughout the varied conditions of past and future oceans.Isabella D’AmbraLouise MerquiolWilliam M. GrahamJohn H. CostelloNature PortfolioarticleMedicineRScienceQENScientific Reports, Vol 11, Iss 1, Pp 1-8 (2021)
institution	DOAJ
collection	DOAJ
language	EN
topic	Medicine R Science Q
spellingShingle	Medicine R Science Q Isabella D’Ambra Louise Merquiol William M. Graham John H. Costello “Indirect development” increases reproductive plasticity and contributes to the success of scyphozoan jellyfish in the oceans
description	Abstract Ecologists and evolutionary biologists have been looking for the key(s) to the success of scyphomedusae through their long evolutionary history in multiple habitats. Their ability to generate young medusae (ephyrae) via two distinct reproductive strategies, strobilation or direct development from planula into ephyra without a polyp stage, has been a potential explanation. In addition to these reproductive modes, here we provide evidence of a third ephyral production which has been rarely observed and often confused with direct development from planula into ephyra. Planulae of Aurelia relicta Scorrano et al. 2017 and Cotylorhiza tuberculata (Macri 1778) settled and formed fully-grown polyps which transformed into ephyrae within several days. In distinction to monodisk strobilation, the basal polyp of indirect development was merely a non-tentaculate stalk that dissolved shortly after detachment of the ephyra. We provide a fully detailed description of this variant that increases reproductive plasticity within scyphozoan life cycles and is different than either true direct development or the monodisk strobilation. Our observations of this pattern in co-occurrence with mono- and polydisk strobilation in Aurelia spp. suggest that this reproductive mode may be crucial for the survival of some scyphozoan populations within the frame of a bet-hedging strategy and contribute to their long evolutionary success throughout the varied conditions of past and future oceans.
format	article
author	Isabella D’Ambra Louise Merquiol William M. Graham John H. Costello
author_facet	Isabella D’Ambra Louise Merquiol William M. Graham John H. Costello
author_sort	Isabella D’Ambra
title	“Indirect development” increases reproductive plasticity and contributes to the success of scyphozoan jellyfish in the oceans
title_short	“Indirect development” increases reproductive plasticity and contributes to the success of scyphozoan jellyfish in the oceans
title_full	“Indirect development” increases reproductive plasticity and contributes to the success of scyphozoan jellyfish in the oceans
title_fullStr	“Indirect development” increases reproductive plasticity and contributes to the success of scyphozoan jellyfish in the oceans
title_full_unstemmed	“Indirect development” increases reproductive plasticity and contributes to the success of scyphozoan jellyfish in the oceans
title_sort	“indirect development” increases reproductive plasticity and contributes to the success of scyphozoan jellyfish in the oceans
publisher	Nature Portfolio
publishDate	2021
url	https://doaj.org/article/02b8036b6176466d87592782d0e7f0d8
work_keys_str_mv	AT isabelladambra indirectdevelopmentincreasesreproductiveplasticityandcontributestothesuccessofscyphozoanjellyfishintheoceans AT louisemerquiol indirectdevelopmentincreasesreproductiveplasticityandcontributestothesuccessofscyphozoanjellyfishintheoceans AT williammgraham indirectdevelopmentincreasesreproductiveplasticityandcontributestothesuccessofscyphozoanjellyfishintheoceans AT johnhcostello indirectdevelopmentincreasesreproductiveplasticityandcontributestothesuccessofscyphozoanjellyfishintheoceans
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“Indirect development” increases reproductive plasticity and contributes to the success of scyphozoan jellyfish in the oceans

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