Formulation and Characterization of a Kinetically Stable Topical Nanoemulsion Containing the Whitening Agent Kojic Acid

The research was carried out to synthesize a stable kojic acid (KA) encapsulated nanoemulsion as a whitening agent for topical skin usage. In this study, the oil-in-water (O/W) KA nanoemulsion was formulated using integrated low and high energy methods that combined ultrasonic and hot temperature in...

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Autores principales:	Gan Yi Yun, Nur Azzanizawaty Yahya, Roswanira Abdul Wahab, Mariani Abdul Hamid
Formato:	article
Lenguaje:	EN
Publicado:	Department of Chemistry, Universitas Gadjah Mada 2021
Materias:	oil-in-water nanoemulsion kojic acid topical skin application skin whitening ultrasonic hot temperature inversion methods Chemistry QD1-999
Acceso en línea:	https://doaj.org/article/03435ae95b7547a48ce32687421a833a
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spelling	oai:doaj.org-article:03435ae95b7547a48ce32687421a833a2021-12-02T12:51:19ZFormulation and Characterization of a Kinetically Stable Topical Nanoemulsion Containing the Whitening Agent Kojic Acid1411-94202460-157810.22146/ijc.56587https://doaj.org/article/03435ae95b7547a48ce32687421a833a2021-03-01T00:00:00Zhttps://jurnal.ugm.ac.id/ijc/article/view/56587https://doaj.org/toc/1411-9420https://doaj.org/toc/2460-1578The research was carried out to synthesize a stable kojic acid (KA) encapsulated nanoemulsion as a whitening agent for topical skin usage. In this study, the oil-in-water (O/W) KA nanoemulsion was formulated using integrated low and high energy methods that combined ultrasonic and hot temperature inversion methods. Several different combinations of parameters were screened, viz. xanthan gum amount (1.0 to 2.0 g), kojic acid (KA) amount (0.5 to 1.5 g), and surfactant-to-water ratio (1:10.75 to 1:4.875), to prepare a stable KA nanoemulsion. The identified best parameters to design the O/W KA nanoemulsion were then subjected to different stability tests: storage and pH stability (freeze-thaw and centrifugal tests). Results revealed that the Trial 6 formulation, with the highest ratio of Tween 80 to water (1:4.875 v/v), yielded the best polydispersity index at 0.255 ± 0.006 with an average particle size of 90.57 ± 1.401 nm. The formulation retained the recommended pH range (pH 4.95–5.18) for topical skin applications within six-week storage under room condition. The nanoemulsions were also kinetically stable as proven by the absence of phase separation after the centrifugation, freeze-thaw cycle, and storage temperature (2 and 25 °C) tests, except at the 37 °C three-week extended storage. The results collectively showed that the formulated O/W KA nanoemulsion is suitable for topical application on human skin.Gan Yi YunNur Azzanizawaty YahyaRoswanira Abdul WahabMariani Abdul HamidDepartment of Chemistry, Universitas Gadjah Madaarticleoil-in-water nanoemulsionkojic acidtopical skin applicationskin whiteningultrasonichot temperature inversion methodsChemistryQD1-999ENIndonesian Journal of Chemistry, Vol 21, Iss 2, Pp 400-410 (2021)
institution	DOAJ
collection	DOAJ
language	EN
topic	oil-in-water nanoemulsion kojic acid topical skin application skin whitening ultrasonic hot temperature inversion methods Chemistry QD1-999
spellingShingle	oil-in-water nanoemulsion kojic acid topical skin application skin whitening ultrasonic hot temperature inversion methods Chemistry QD1-999 Gan Yi Yun Nur Azzanizawaty Yahya Roswanira Abdul Wahab Mariani Abdul Hamid Formulation and Characterization of a Kinetically Stable Topical Nanoemulsion Containing the Whitening Agent Kojic Acid
description	The research was carried out to synthesize a stable kojic acid (KA) encapsulated nanoemulsion as a whitening agent for topical skin usage. In this study, the oil-in-water (O/W) KA nanoemulsion was formulated using integrated low and high energy methods that combined ultrasonic and hot temperature inversion methods. Several different combinations of parameters were screened, viz. xanthan gum amount (1.0 to 2.0 g), kojic acid (KA) amount (0.5 to 1.5 g), and surfactant-to-water ratio (1:10.75 to 1:4.875), to prepare a stable KA nanoemulsion. The identified best parameters to design the O/W KA nanoemulsion were then subjected to different stability tests: storage and pH stability (freeze-thaw and centrifugal tests). Results revealed that the Trial 6 formulation, with the highest ratio of Tween 80 to water (1:4.875 v/v), yielded the best polydispersity index at 0.255 ± 0.006 with an average particle size of 90.57 ± 1.401 nm. The formulation retained the recommended pH range (pH 4.95–5.18) for topical skin applications within six-week storage under room condition. The nanoemulsions were also kinetically stable as proven by the absence of phase separation after the centrifugation, freeze-thaw cycle, and storage temperature (2 and 25 °C) tests, except at the 37 °C three-week extended storage. The results collectively showed that the formulated O/W KA nanoemulsion is suitable for topical application on human skin.
format	article
author	Gan Yi Yun Nur Azzanizawaty Yahya Roswanira Abdul Wahab Mariani Abdul Hamid
author_facet	Gan Yi Yun Nur Azzanizawaty Yahya Roswanira Abdul Wahab Mariani Abdul Hamid
author_sort	Gan Yi Yun
title	Formulation and Characterization of a Kinetically Stable Topical Nanoemulsion Containing the Whitening Agent Kojic Acid
title_short	Formulation and Characterization of a Kinetically Stable Topical Nanoemulsion Containing the Whitening Agent Kojic Acid
title_full	Formulation and Characterization of a Kinetically Stable Topical Nanoemulsion Containing the Whitening Agent Kojic Acid
title_fullStr	Formulation and Characterization of a Kinetically Stable Topical Nanoemulsion Containing the Whitening Agent Kojic Acid
title_full_unstemmed	Formulation and Characterization of a Kinetically Stable Topical Nanoemulsion Containing the Whitening Agent Kojic Acid
title_sort	formulation and characterization of a kinetically stable topical nanoemulsion containing the whitening agent kojic acid
publisher	Department of Chemistry, Universitas Gadjah Mada
publishDate	2021
url	https://doaj.org/article/03435ae95b7547a48ce32687421a833a
work_keys_str_mv	AT ganyiyun formulationandcharacterizationofakineticallystabletopicalnanoemulsioncontainingthewhiteningagentkojicacid AT nurazzanizawatyyahya formulationandcharacterizationofakineticallystabletopicalnanoemulsioncontainingthewhiteningagentkojicacid AT roswaniraabdulwahab formulationandcharacterizationofakineticallystabletopicalnanoemulsioncontainingthewhiteningagentkojicacid AT marianiabdulhamid formulationandcharacterizationofakineticallystabletopicalnanoemulsioncontainingthewhiteningagentkojicacid
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Formulation and Characterization of a Kinetically Stable Topical Nanoemulsion Containing the Whitening Agent Kojic Acid

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