Identities, concentrations, and sources of pesticide exposure in pollen collected by managed bees during blueberry pollination

Abstract Bees are critical for crop pollination, but there is limited information on levels and sources of pesticide exposure in commercial agriculture. We collected pollen from foraging honey bees and bumble bees returning to colonies placed in blooming blueberry fields with different management ap...

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Autores principales:	Kelsey K. Graham, Meghan O. Milbrath, Yajun Zhang, Annuet Soehnlen, Nicolas Baert, Scott McArt, Rufus Isaacs
Formato:	article
Lenguaje:	EN
Publicado:	Nature Portfolio 2021
Materias:	Medicine R Science Q
Acceso en línea:	https://doaj.org/article/03da65d256534977b0f15def54e48d50
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spelling	oai:doaj.org-article:03da65d256534977b0f15def54e48d502021-12-02T16:46:35ZIdentities, concentrations, and sources of pesticide exposure in pollen collected by managed bees during blueberry pollination10.1038/s41598-021-96249-z2045-2322https://doaj.org/article/03da65d256534977b0f15def54e48d502021-08-01T00:00:00Zhttps://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-021-96249-zhttps://doaj.org/toc/2045-2322Abstract Bees are critical for crop pollination, but there is limited information on levels and sources of pesticide exposure in commercial agriculture. We collected pollen from foraging honey bees and bumble bees returning to colonies placed in blooming blueberry fields with different management approaches (conventional, organic, unmanaged) and located across different landscape settings to determine how these factors affect pesticide exposure. We also identified the pollen and analyzed whether pesticide exposure was correlated with corbicular load composition. Across 188 samples collected in 2 years, we detected 80 of the 259 pesticide active ingredients (AIs) screened for using a modified QuEChERS method. Detections included 28 fungicides, 26 insecticides, and 21 herbicides. All samples contained pesticides (mean = 22 AIs per pollen sample), with pollen collected from bees on conventional fields having significantly higher average concentrations (2019 mean = 882.0 ppb) than those on unmanaged fields (2019 mean = 279.6 ppb). Pollen collected by honey bees had more AIs than pollen collected by bumble bees (mean = 35 vs. 19 AIs detected at each farm, respectively), whereas samples from bumble bees had higher average concentrations, likely reflecting differences in foraging behavior. Blueberry pollen was more common in pollen samples collected by bumble bees (25.9% per sample) than honey bees (1.8%), though pesticide concentrations were only correlated with blueberry pollen for honey bees. Pollen collected at farms with more blueberry in the surrounding landscape had higher pesticide concentrations, mostly AIs applied for control of blueberry pathogens and pests during bloom. However, for honey bees, the majority of AIs detected at each farm are not registered for use on blueberry at any time (55.2% of AIs detected), including several highly toxic insecticides. These AIs therefore came from outside the fields and farms they are expected to pollinate. For bumble bees, the majority of AIs detected in their pollen are registered for use on blueberry during bloom (56.9% of AIs detected), though far fewer AIs were sprayed at the focal farm (16.7%). Our results highlight the need for integrated farm and landscape-scale stewardship of pesticides to reduce exposure to pollinators during crop pollination.Kelsey K. GrahamMeghan O. MilbrathYajun ZhangAnnuet SoehnlenNicolas BaertScott McArtRufus IsaacsNature PortfolioarticleMedicineRScienceQENScientific Reports, Vol 11, Iss 1, Pp 1-13 (2021)
institution	DOAJ
collection	DOAJ
language	EN
topic	Medicine R Science Q
spellingShingle	Medicine R Science Q Kelsey K. Graham Meghan O. Milbrath Yajun Zhang Annuet Soehnlen Nicolas Baert Scott McArt Rufus Isaacs Identities, concentrations, and sources of pesticide exposure in pollen collected by managed bees during blueberry pollination
description	Abstract Bees are critical for crop pollination, but there is limited information on levels and sources of pesticide exposure in commercial agriculture. We collected pollen from foraging honey bees and bumble bees returning to colonies placed in blooming blueberry fields with different management approaches (conventional, organic, unmanaged) and located across different landscape settings to determine how these factors affect pesticide exposure. We also identified the pollen and analyzed whether pesticide exposure was correlated with corbicular load composition. Across 188 samples collected in 2 years, we detected 80 of the 259 pesticide active ingredients (AIs) screened for using a modified QuEChERS method. Detections included 28 fungicides, 26 insecticides, and 21 herbicides. All samples contained pesticides (mean = 22 AIs per pollen sample), with pollen collected from bees on conventional fields having significantly higher average concentrations (2019 mean = 882.0 ppb) than those on unmanaged fields (2019 mean = 279.6 ppb). Pollen collected by honey bees had more AIs than pollen collected by bumble bees (mean = 35 vs. 19 AIs detected at each farm, respectively), whereas samples from bumble bees had higher average concentrations, likely reflecting differences in foraging behavior. Blueberry pollen was more common in pollen samples collected by bumble bees (25.9% per sample) than honey bees (1.8%), though pesticide concentrations were only correlated with blueberry pollen for honey bees. Pollen collected at farms with more blueberry in the surrounding landscape had higher pesticide concentrations, mostly AIs applied for control of blueberry pathogens and pests during bloom. However, for honey bees, the majority of AIs detected at each farm are not registered for use on blueberry at any time (55.2% of AIs detected), including several highly toxic insecticides. These AIs therefore came from outside the fields and farms they are expected to pollinate. For bumble bees, the majority of AIs detected in their pollen are registered for use on blueberry during bloom (56.9% of AIs detected), though far fewer AIs were sprayed at the focal farm (16.7%). Our results highlight the need for integrated farm and landscape-scale stewardship of pesticides to reduce exposure to pollinators during crop pollination.
format	article
author	Kelsey K. Graham Meghan O. Milbrath Yajun Zhang Annuet Soehnlen Nicolas Baert Scott McArt Rufus Isaacs
author_facet	Kelsey K. Graham Meghan O. Milbrath Yajun Zhang Annuet Soehnlen Nicolas Baert Scott McArt Rufus Isaacs
author_sort	Kelsey K. Graham
title	Identities, concentrations, and sources of pesticide exposure in pollen collected by managed bees during blueberry pollination
title_short	Identities, concentrations, and sources of pesticide exposure in pollen collected by managed bees during blueberry pollination
title_full	Identities, concentrations, and sources of pesticide exposure in pollen collected by managed bees during blueberry pollination
title_fullStr	Identities, concentrations, and sources of pesticide exposure in pollen collected by managed bees during blueberry pollination
title_full_unstemmed	Identities, concentrations, and sources of pesticide exposure in pollen collected by managed bees during blueberry pollination
title_sort	identities, concentrations, and sources of pesticide exposure in pollen collected by managed bees during blueberry pollination
publisher	Nature Portfolio
publishDate	2021
url	https://doaj.org/article/03da65d256534977b0f15def54e48d50
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Identities, concentrations, and sources of pesticide exposure in pollen collected by managed bees during blueberry pollination

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