Distribution, Function, and Evolution of a Gene Essential for Trichothecene Toxin Biosynthesis in Trichoderma

Trichothecenes are terpenoid toxins produced by species in 10 fungal genera, including species of Trichoderma. The trichothecene biosynthetic gene (tri) cluster typically includes the tri5 gene, which encodes a terpene synthase that catalyzes formation of trichodiene, the parent compound of all tric...

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Autores principales:	Santiago Gutiérrez, Susan P. McCormick, Rosa E. Cardoza, Hye-Seon Kim, Laura Lindo Yugueros, Martha Marie Vaughan, Guzmán Carro-Huerga, Mark Busman, Luis E. Sáenz de Miera, Walter M. Jaklitsch, Wen-Ying Zhuang, Chao Wang, Pedro A. Casquero, Robert Henry Proctor
Formato:	article
Lenguaje:	EN
Publicado:	Frontiers Media S.A. 2021
Materias:	Trichoderma trichothecenes tri5 gene positive selection gene deletion and complementation antifungal activity Microbiology QR1-502
Acceso en línea:	https://doaj.org/article/04248366ba344f17b3ba2afec72bf6e9
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spelling	oai:doaj.org-article:04248366ba344f17b3ba2afec72bf6e92021-12-02T11:37:17ZDistribution, Function, and Evolution of a Gene Essential for Trichothecene Toxin Biosynthesis in Trichoderma1664-302X10.3389/fmicb.2021.791641https://doaj.org/article/04248366ba344f17b3ba2afec72bf6e92021-12-01T00:00:00Zhttps://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fmicb.2021.791641/fullhttps://doaj.org/toc/1664-302XTrichothecenes are terpenoid toxins produced by species in 10 fungal genera, including species of Trichoderma. The trichothecene biosynthetic gene (tri) cluster typically includes the tri5 gene, which encodes a terpene synthase that catalyzes formation of trichodiene, the parent compound of all trichothecenes. The two Trichoderma species, Trichoderma arundinaceum and T. brevicompactum, that have been examined are unique in that tri5 is located outside the tri cluster in a genomic region that does not include other known tri genes. In the current study, analysis of 35 species representing a wide range of the phylogenetic diversity of Trichoderma revealed that 22 species had tri5, but only 13 species had both tri5 and the tri cluster. tri5 was not located in the cluster in any species. Using complementation analysis of a T. arundinaceum tri5 deletion mutant, we demonstrated that some tri5 homologs from species that lack a tri cluster are functional, but others are not. Phylogenetic analyses suggest that Trichoderma tri5 was under positive selection following its divergence from homologs in other fungi but before Trichoderma species began diverging from one another. We propose two models to explain these diverse observations. One model proposes that the location of tri5 outside the tri cluster resulted from loss of tri5 from the cluster in an ancestral species followed by reacquisition via horizontal transfer. The other model proposes that in species that have a functional tri5 but lack the tri cluster, trichodiene production provides a competitive advantage.Santiago GutiérrezSusan P. McCormickRosa E. CardozaHye-Seon KimLaura Lindo YuguerosMartha Marie VaughanGuzmán Carro-HuergaMark BusmanLuis E. Sáenz de MieraWalter M. JaklitschWen-Ying ZhuangChao WangPedro A. CasqueroRobert Henry ProctorFrontiers Media S.A.articleTrichodermatrichothecenestri5 genepositive selectiongene deletion and complementationantifungal activityMicrobiologyQR1-502ENFrontiers in Microbiology, Vol 12 (2021)
institution	DOAJ
collection	DOAJ
language	EN
topic	Trichoderma trichothecenes tri5 gene positive selection gene deletion and complementation antifungal activity Microbiology QR1-502
spellingShingle	Trichoderma trichothecenes tri5 gene positive selection gene deletion and complementation antifungal activity Microbiology QR1-502 Santiago Gutiérrez Susan P. McCormick Rosa E. Cardoza Hye-Seon Kim Laura Lindo Yugueros Martha Marie Vaughan Guzmán Carro-Huerga Mark Busman Luis E. Sáenz de Miera Walter M. Jaklitsch Wen-Ying Zhuang Chao Wang Pedro A. Casquero Robert Henry Proctor Distribution, Function, and Evolution of a Gene Essential for Trichothecene Toxin Biosynthesis in Trichoderma
description	Trichothecenes are terpenoid toxins produced by species in 10 fungal genera, including species of Trichoderma. The trichothecene biosynthetic gene (tri) cluster typically includes the tri5 gene, which encodes a terpene synthase that catalyzes formation of trichodiene, the parent compound of all trichothecenes. The two Trichoderma species, Trichoderma arundinaceum and T. brevicompactum, that have been examined are unique in that tri5 is located outside the tri cluster in a genomic region that does not include other known tri genes. In the current study, analysis of 35 species representing a wide range of the phylogenetic diversity of Trichoderma revealed that 22 species had tri5, but only 13 species had both tri5 and the tri cluster. tri5 was not located in the cluster in any species. Using complementation analysis of a T. arundinaceum tri5 deletion mutant, we demonstrated that some tri5 homologs from species that lack a tri cluster are functional, but others are not. Phylogenetic analyses suggest that Trichoderma tri5 was under positive selection following its divergence from homologs in other fungi but before Trichoderma species began diverging from one another. We propose two models to explain these diverse observations. One model proposes that the location of tri5 outside the tri cluster resulted from loss of tri5 from the cluster in an ancestral species followed by reacquisition via horizontal transfer. The other model proposes that in species that have a functional tri5 but lack the tri cluster, trichodiene production provides a competitive advantage.
format	article
author	Santiago Gutiérrez Susan P. McCormick Rosa E. Cardoza Hye-Seon Kim Laura Lindo Yugueros Martha Marie Vaughan Guzmán Carro-Huerga Mark Busman Luis E. Sáenz de Miera Walter M. Jaklitsch Wen-Ying Zhuang Chao Wang Pedro A. Casquero Robert Henry Proctor
author_facet	Santiago Gutiérrez Susan P. McCormick Rosa E. Cardoza Hye-Seon Kim Laura Lindo Yugueros Martha Marie Vaughan Guzmán Carro-Huerga Mark Busman Luis E. Sáenz de Miera Walter M. Jaklitsch Wen-Ying Zhuang Chao Wang Pedro A. Casquero Robert Henry Proctor
author_sort	Santiago Gutiérrez
title	Distribution, Function, and Evolution of a Gene Essential for Trichothecene Toxin Biosynthesis in Trichoderma
title_short	Distribution, Function, and Evolution of a Gene Essential for Trichothecene Toxin Biosynthesis in Trichoderma
title_full	Distribution, Function, and Evolution of a Gene Essential for Trichothecene Toxin Biosynthesis in Trichoderma
title_fullStr	Distribution, Function, and Evolution of a Gene Essential for Trichothecene Toxin Biosynthesis in Trichoderma
title_full_unstemmed	Distribution, Function, and Evolution of a Gene Essential for Trichothecene Toxin Biosynthesis in Trichoderma
title_sort	distribution, function, and evolution of a gene essential for trichothecene toxin biosynthesis in trichoderma
publisher	Frontiers Media S.A.
publishDate	2021
url	https://doaj.org/article/04248366ba344f17b3ba2afec72bf6e9
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Distribution, Function, and Evolution of a Gene Essential for Trichothecene Toxin Biosynthesis in Trichoderma

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