Variation in <i>Platycladus orientalis</i> (Cupressaceae) Reproductive Output and Its Effect on Seed Orchard Crops’ Genetic Diversity

The genetic efficiency of seed orchards is crucial for determining seed crops’ genetic gain and diversity. <i>Platycladus orientalis</i> is a conifer tree of important ecological value in China. Here, we assessed the reproductive output (fertility) variation for 166 clones in a first-gen...

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Autores principales:	Si-Qian Jiao, Meiyu Li, Yuan-Jiao Zhu, Shan-Shan Zhou, Shi-Wei Zhao, Zhi-Chao Li, Yu-Tao Bao, Tian-Le Shi, Hui-Jin Zhang, Xiao-Lei Yang, Ji-Jun Zhu, Ilga Porth, Yousry A. El-Kassaby, Shi-Ping Cheng, Yue Li, Jian-Feng Mao
Formato:	article
Lenguaje:	EN
Publicado:	MDPI AG 2021
Materias:	<i>Platycladus orientalis</i> reproductive strobili production fertility variation effective parent number parental balance Plant ecology QK900-989
Acceso en línea:	https://doaj.org/article/04452945faff49b3b8941d96ed236f69
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spelling	oai:doaj.org-article:04452945faff49b3b8941d96ed236f692021-11-25T17:37:07ZVariation in <i>Platycladus orientalis</i> (Cupressaceae) Reproductive Output and Its Effect on Seed Orchard Crops’ Genetic Diversity10.3390/f121114291999-4907https://doaj.org/article/04452945faff49b3b8941d96ed236f692021-10-01T00:00:00Zhttps://www.mdpi.com/1999-4907/12/11/1429https://doaj.org/toc/1999-4907The genetic efficiency of seed orchards is crucial for determining seed crops’ genetic gain and diversity. <i>Platycladus orientalis</i> is a conifer tree of important ecological value in China. Here, we assessed the reproductive output (fertility) variation for 166 clones in a first-generation <i>P. orientalis</i> seed orchard over five years and across three years for each gender (female: 2017, 2018, and 2020 and male: 2017, 2019, and 2021). Fertility variation and genetic diversity parameters were estimated for each gender-year combination. The reproductive output (fertility) variation differed among years, provinces, clones nested within provinces, and ramets within clones. We observed asymmetry in the gender reproductive output and parental imbalance and determined their profound effects on the genetic diversity of these seed crops. The maleness index revealed the existence of female-biased or male-biased clones. When seeds from multiple individuals and years were blended, we found an increase in the effective number of parents (<i>N<sub>p</sub></i>) and in genetic diversity (<i>GD</i>), and a reduced fertility variation (<i>Ψ</i>) in the seed orchard. When we set the effective number of parents (<i>N<sub>p</sub></i>) to 30, the <i>GD</i> of the seed orchard could be maintained at more than 95%. Thus, achieving genetic diversity balance in seed production can be accomplished through monitoring the fertility variation of orchards and through the utilization of the thereby generated information for the advanced generation of seed orchards.Si-Qian JiaoMeiyu LiYuan-Jiao ZhuShan-Shan ZhouShi-Wei ZhaoZhi-Chao LiYu-Tao BaoTian-Le ShiHui-Jin ZhangXiao-Lei YangJi-Jun ZhuIlga PorthYousry A. El-KassabyShi-Ping ChengYue LiJian-Feng MaoMDPI AGarticle<i>Platycladus orientalis</i>reproductive strobili productionfertility variationeffective parent numberparental balancePlant ecologyQK900-989ENForests, Vol 12, Iss 1429, p 1429 (2021)
institution	DOAJ
collection	DOAJ
language	EN
topic	<i>Platycladus orientalis</i> reproductive strobili production fertility variation effective parent number parental balance Plant ecology QK900-989
spellingShingle	<i>Platycladus orientalis</i> reproductive strobili production fertility variation effective parent number parental balance Plant ecology QK900-989 Si-Qian Jiao Meiyu Li Yuan-Jiao Zhu Shan-Shan Zhou Shi-Wei Zhao Zhi-Chao Li Yu-Tao Bao Tian-Le Shi Hui-Jin Zhang Xiao-Lei Yang Ji-Jun Zhu Ilga Porth Yousry A. El-Kassaby Shi-Ping Cheng Yue Li Jian-Feng Mao Variation in <i>Platycladus orientalis</i> (Cupressaceae) Reproductive Output and Its Effect on Seed Orchard Crops’ Genetic Diversity
description	The genetic efficiency of seed orchards is crucial for determining seed crops’ genetic gain and diversity. <i>Platycladus orientalis</i> is a conifer tree of important ecological value in China. Here, we assessed the reproductive output (fertility) variation for 166 clones in a first-generation <i>P. orientalis</i> seed orchard over five years and across three years for each gender (female: 2017, 2018, and 2020 and male: 2017, 2019, and 2021). Fertility variation and genetic diversity parameters were estimated for each gender-year combination. The reproductive output (fertility) variation differed among years, provinces, clones nested within provinces, and ramets within clones. We observed asymmetry in the gender reproductive output and parental imbalance and determined their profound effects on the genetic diversity of these seed crops. The maleness index revealed the existence of female-biased or male-biased clones. When seeds from multiple individuals and years were blended, we found an increase in the effective number of parents (<i>N<sub>p</sub></i>) and in genetic diversity (<i>GD</i>), and a reduced fertility variation (<i>Ψ</i>) in the seed orchard. When we set the effective number of parents (<i>N<sub>p</sub></i>) to 30, the <i>GD</i> of the seed orchard could be maintained at more than 95%. Thus, achieving genetic diversity balance in seed production can be accomplished through monitoring the fertility variation of orchards and through the utilization of the thereby generated information for the advanced generation of seed orchards.
format	article
author	Si-Qian Jiao Meiyu Li Yuan-Jiao Zhu Shan-Shan Zhou Shi-Wei Zhao Zhi-Chao Li Yu-Tao Bao Tian-Le Shi Hui-Jin Zhang Xiao-Lei Yang Ji-Jun Zhu Ilga Porth Yousry A. El-Kassaby Shi-Ping Cheng Yue Li Jian-Feng Mao
author_facet	Si-Qian Jiao Meiyu Li Yuan-Jiao Zhu Shan-Shan Zhou Shi-Wei Zhao Zhi-Chao Li Yu-Tao Bao Tian-Le Shi Hui-Jin Zhang Xiao-Lei Yang Ji-Jun Zhu Ilga Porth Yousry A. El-Kassaby Shi-Ping Cheng Yue Li Jian-Feng Mao
author_sort	Si-Qian Jiao
title	Variation in <i>Platycladus orientalis</i> (Cupressaceae) Reproductive Output and Its Effect on Seed Orchard Crops’ Genetic Diversity
title_short	Variation in <i>Platycladus orientalis</i> (Cupressaceae) Reproductive Output and Its Effect on Seed Orchard Crops’ Genetic Diversity
title_full	Variation in <i>Platycladus orientalis</i> (Cupressaceae) Reproductive Output and Its Effect on Seed Orchard Crops’ Genetic Diversity
title_fullStr	Variation in <i>Platycladus orientalis</i> (Cupressaceae) Reproductive Output and Its Effect on Seed Orchard Crops’ Genetic Diversity
title_full_unstemmed	Variation in <i>Platycladus orientalis</i> (Cupressaceae) Reproductive Output and Its Effect on Seed Orchard Crops’ Genetic Diversity
title_sort	variation in <i>platycladus orientalis</i> (cupressaceae) reproductive output and its effect on seed orchard crops’ genetic diversity
publisher	MDPI AG
publishDate	2021
url	https://doaj.org/article/04452945faff49b3b8941d96ed236f69
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Variation in <i>Platycladus orientalis</i> (Cupressaceae) Reproductive Output and Its Effect on Seed Orchard Crops’ Genetic Diversity

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