Microbial contamination of drinking water from vending machines of Eastern Coachella Valley

Drinking water quality from sources other than tap water is increasingly becoming a source of concern in many communities. Communities in the Eastern Coachella Valley (ECV), Riverside County, California, USA have raised concerns regarding bulk drinking water from water vending machines (WVMs) found...

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Autores principales:	Thomas D. Hile, Stephen G. Dunbar, Ryan G. Sinclair
Formato:	article
Lenguaje:	EN
Publicado:	IWA Publishing 2021
Materias:	bacteria coachella valley coliforms qpcr water quality Water supply for domestic and industrial purposes TD201-500 River, lake, and water-supply engineering (General) TC401-506
Acceso en línea:	https://doaj.org/article/04579f19013e4ce2bed8f3c435d4ef41
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spelling	oai:doaj.org-article:04579f19013e4ce2bed8f3c435d4ef412021-11-06T07:15:19ZMicrobial contamination of drinking water from vending machines of Eastern Coachella Valley1606-97491607-079810.2166/ws.2020.372https://doaj.org/article/04579f19013e4ce2bed8f3c435d4ef412021-06-01T00:00:00Zhttp://ws.iwaponline.com/content/21/4/1618https://doaj.org/toc/1606-9749https://doaj.org/toc/1607-0798Drinking water quality from sources other than tap water is increasingly becoming a source of concern in many communities. Communities in the Eastern Coachella Valley (ECV), Riverside County, California, USA have raised concerns regarding bulk drinking water from water vending machines (WVMs) found in public vendors. To address concerns, we conducted microbiological contamination assessments of drinking water from WVMs in the ECV using heterotrophic plate counts (HPC), the presence of total coliforms using IDEXX technology, and real-time PCR (qPCR). We also measured temperature, pH, electrical conductivity, and free chlorine concentration. Twenty-five WVMs were sampled by using positively charged NanoCeram® filters in the field. Results indicated 32% of WVMs had total coliforms, and 21% had HPC above Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) requirements. Through qPCR, we found 81% of WVMs had Salmonella spp., Listeria monocytogenes, and Campylobacter jejuni, 76% had Enterococcus faecalis, and 90% had Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Results indicated most WVM samples we collected contained genetic material of pathogenic microorganisms and therefore, did not meet EPA drinking water standards. There is an urgency to enforce WVM maintenance through drain flushing, spigot cleaning, rust removal, filter replacement, and limits to physico-chemical parameters. HIGHLIGHTS Drinking water quality from vending machines was assessed in a disadvantaged rural community in Southern California.; Real-time qPCR was used to determine water quality via a select panel of indicator bacteria.; Drinking water vending machines were found to be contaminated by using cultivatable IDEXX and qPCR methods.; We emphasize following current regulations for maintaining water vending machines.;Thomas D. HileStephen G. DunbarRyan G. SinclairIWA Publishingarticlebacteriacoachella valleycoliformsqpcrwater qualityWater supply for domestic and industrial purposesTD201-500River, lake, and water-supply engineering (General)TC401-506ENWater Supply, Vol 21, Iss 4, Pp 1618-1628 (2021)
institution	DOAJ
collection	DOAJ
language	EN
topic	bacteria coachella valley coliforms qpcr water quality Water supply for domestic and industrial purposes TD201-500 River, lake, and water-supply engineering (General) TC401-506
spellingShingle	bacteria coachella valley coliforms qpcr water quality Water supply for domestic and industrial purposes TD201-500 River, lake, and water-supply engineering (General) TC401-506 Thomas D. Hile Stephen G. Dunbar Ryan G. Sinclair Microbial contamination of drinking water from vending machines of Eastern Coachella Valley
description	Drinking water quality from sources other than tap water is increasingly becoming a source of concern in many communities. Communities in the Eastern Coachella Valley (ECV), Riverside County, California, USA have raised concerns regarding bulk drinking water from water vending machines (WVMs) found in public vendors. To address concerns, we conducted microbiological contamination assessments of drinking water from WVMs in the ECV using heterotrophic plate counts (HPC), the presence of total coliforms using IDEXX technology, and real-time PCR (qPCR). We also measured temperature, pH, electrical conductivity, and free chlorine concentration. Twenty-five WVMs were sampled by using positively charged NanoCeram® filters in the field. Results indicated 32% of WVMs had total coliforms, and 21% had HPC above Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) requirements. Through qPCR, we found 81% of WVMs had Salmonella spp., Listeria monocytogenes, and Campylobacter jejuni, 76% had Enterococcus faecalis, and 90% had Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Results indicated most WVM samples we collected contained genetic material of pathogenic microorganisms and therefore, did not meet EPA drinking water standards. There is an urgency to enforce WVM maintenance through drain flushing, spigot cleaning, rust removal, filter replacement, and limits to physico-chemical parameters. HIGHLIGHTS Drinking water quality from vending machines was assessed in a disadvantaged rural community in Southern California.; Real-time qPCR was used to determine water quality via a select panel of indicator bacteria.; Drinking water vending machines were found to be contaminated by using cultivatable IDEXX and qPCR methods.; We emphasize following current regulations for maintaining water vending machines.;
format	article
author	Thomas D. Hile Stephen G. Dunbar Ryan G. Sinclair
author_facet	Thomas D. Hile Stephen G. Dunbar Ryan G. Sinclair
author_sort	Thomas D. Hile
title	Microbial contamination of drinking water from vending machines of Eastern Coachella Valley
title_short	Microbial contamination of drinking water from vending machines of Eastern Coachella Valley
title_full	Microbial contamination of drinking water from vending machines of Eastern Coachella Valley
title_fullStr	Microbial contamination of drinking water from vending machines of Eastern Coachella Valley
title_full_unstemmed	Microbial contamination of drinking water from vending machines of Eastern Coachella Valley
title_sort	microbial contamination of drinking water from vending machines of eastern coachella valley
publisher	IWA Publishing
publishDate	2021
url	https://doaj.org/article/04579f19013e4ce2bed8f3c435d4ef41
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Microbial contamination of drinking water from vending machines of Eastern Coachella Valley

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