Calcite Nanotuned Chitinous Skeletons of Giant <i>Ianthella basta</i> Marine Demosponge

Marine sponges were among the first multicellular organisms on our planet and have survived to this day thanks to their unique mechanisms of chemical defense and the specific design of their skeletons, which have been optimized over millions of years of evolution to effectively inhabit the aquatic e...

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Autores principales:	Ahmet Kertmen, Iaroslav Petrenko, Christian Schimpf, David Rafaja, Olga Petrova, Viktor Sivkov, Sergey Nekipelov, Andriy Fursov, Allison L. Stelling, Korbinian Heimler, Anika Rogoll, Carla Vogt, Hermann Ehrlich
Formato:	article
Lenguaje:	EN
Publicado:	MDPI AG 2021
Materias:	biological materials biomineralization calcite chitin sponges scaffolds Biology (General) QH301-705.5 Chemistry QD1-999
Acceso en línea:	https://doaj.org/article/0509925368bb4e7faebe50cbe24de6bc
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spelling	oai:doaj.org-article:0509925368bb4e7faebe50cbe24de6bc2021-11-25T17:58:08ZCalcite Nanotuned Chitinous Skeletons of Giant <i>Ianthella basta</i> Marine Demosponge10.3390/ijms2222125881422-00671661-6596https://doaj.org/article/0509925368bb4e7faebe50cbe24de6bc2021-11-01T00:00:00Zhttps://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/22/22/12588https://doaj.org/toc/1661-6596https://doaj.org/toc/1422-0067Marine sponges were among the first multicellular organisms on our planet and have survived to this day thanks to their unique mechanisms of chemical defense and the specific design of their skeletons, which have been optimized over millions of years of evolution to effectively inhabit the aquatic environment. In this work, we carried out studies to elucidate the nature and nanostructural organization of three-dimensional skeletal microfibers of the giant marine demosponge <i>Ianthella basta</i>, the body of which is a micro-reticular, durable structure that determines the ideal filtration function of this organism. For the first time, using the battery of analytical tools including three-dimensional micro—X-ray Fluorescence (3D-µXRF), X-ray diffraction (XRD), infra-red (FTIR), Raman and Near Edge X-ray Fine Structure (NEXAFS) spectroscopy, we have shown that biomineral calcite is responsible for nano-tuning the skeletal fibers of this sponge species. This is the first report on the presence of a calcitic mineral phase in representatives of verongiid sponges which belong to the class Demospongiae. Our experimental data suggest a possible role for structural amino polysaccharide chitin as a template for calcification. Our study suggests further experiments to elucidate both the origin of calcium carbonate inside the skeleton of this sponge and the mechanisms of biomineralization in the surface layers of chitin microfibers saturated with bromotyrosines, which have effective antimicrobial properties and are responsible for the chemical defense of this organism. The discovery of the calcified phase in the chitinous template of <i>I. basta</i> skeleton is expected to broaden the knowledge in biomineralization science where the calcium carbonate is regarded as a valuable material for applications in biomedicine, environmental science, and even in civil engineering.Ahmet KertmenIaroslav PetrenkoChristian SchimpfDavid RafajaOlga PetrovaViktor SivkovSergey NekipelovAndriy FursovAllison L. StellingKorbinian HeimlerAnika RogollCarla VogtHermann EhrlichMDPI AGarticlebiological materialsbiomineralizationcalcitechitinspongesscaffoldsBiology (General)QH301-705.5ChemistryQD1-999ENInternational Journal of Molecular Sciences, Vol 22, Iss 12588, p 12588 (2021)
institution	DOAJ
collection	DOAJ
language	EN
topic	biological materials biomineralization calcite chitin sponges scaffolds Biology (General) QH301-705.5 Chemistry QD1-999
spellingShingle	biological materials biomineralization calcite chitin sponges scaffolds Biology (General) QH301-705.5 Chemistry QD1-999 Ahmet Kertmen Iaroslav Petrenko Christian Schimpf David Rafaja Olga Petrova Viktor Sivkov Sergey Nekipelov Andriy Fursov Allison L. Stelling Korbinian Heimler Anika Rogoll Carla Vogt Hermann Ehrlich Calcite Nanotuned Chitinous Skeletons of Giant <i>Ianthella basta</i> Marine Demosponge
description	Marine sponges were among the first multicellular organisms on our planet and have survived to this day thanks to their unique mechanisms of chemical defense and the specific design of their skeletons, which have been optimized over millions of years of evolution to effectively inhabit the aquatic environment. In this work, we carried out studies to elucidate the nature and nanostructural organization of three-dimensional skeletal microfibers of the giant marine demosponge <i>Ianthella basta</i>, the body of which is a micro-reticular, durable structure that determines the ideal filtration function of this organism. For the first time, using the battery of analytical tools including three-dimensional micro—X-ray Fluorescence (3D-µXRF), X-ray diffraction (XRD), infra-red (FTIR), Raman and Near Edge X-ray Fine Structure (NEXAFS) spectroscopy, we have shown that biomineral calcite is responsible for nano-tuning the skeletal fibers of this sponge species. This is the first report on the presence of a calcitic mineral phase in representatives of verongiid sponges which belong to the class Demospongiae. Our experimental data suggest a possible role for structural amino polysaccharide chitin as a template for calcification. Our study suggests further experiments to elucidate both the origin of calcium carbonate inside the skeleton of this sponge and the mechanisms of biomineralization in the surface layers of chitin microfibers saturated with bromotyrosines, which have effective antimicrobial properties and are responsible for the chemical defense of this organism. The discovery of the calcified phase in the chitinous template of <i>I. basta</i> skeleton is expected to broaden the knowledge in biomineralization science where the calcium carbonate is regarded as a valuable material for applications in biomedicine, environmental science, and even in civil engineering.
format	article
author	Ahmet Kertmen Iaroslav Petrenko Christian Schimpf David Rafaja Olga Petrova Viktor Sivkov Sergey Nekipelov Andriy Fursov Allison L. Stelling Korbinian Heimler Anika Rogoll Carla Vogt Hermann Ehrlich
author_facet	Ahmet Kertmen Iaroslav Petrenko Christian Schimpf David Rafaja Olga Petrova Viktor Sivkov Sergey Nekipelov Andriy Fursov Allison L. Stelling Korbinian Heimler Anika Rogoll Carla Vogt Hermann Ehrlich
author_sort	Ahmet Kertmen
title	Calcite Nanotuned Chitinous Skeletons of Giant <i>Ianthella basta</i> Marine Demosponge
title_short	Calcite Nanotuned Chitinous Skeletons of Giant <i>Ianthella basta</i> Marine Demosponge
title_full	Calcite Nanotuned Chitinous Skeletons of Giant <i>Ianthella basta</i> Marine Demosponge
title_fullStr	Calcite Nanotuned Chitinous Skeletons of Giant <i>Ianthella basta</i> Marine Demosponge
title_full_unstemmed	Calcite Nanotuned Chitinous Skeletons of Giant <i>Ianthella basta</i> Marine Demosponge
title_sort	calcite nanotuned chitinous skeletons of giant <i>ianthella basta</i> marine demosponge
publisher	MDPI AG
publishDate	2021
url	https://doaj.org/article/0509925368bb4e7faebe50cbe24de6bc
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Calcite Nanotuned Chitinous Skeletons of Giant <i>Ianthella basta</i> Marine Demosponge

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