Using Predicted Patterns of 3D Prey Distribution to Map King Penguin Foraging Habitat

King penguins (Aptenodytes patagonicus) are an iconic Southern Ocean species, but the prey distributions that underpin their at-sea foraging tracks and diving behaviour remain unclear. We conducted simultaneous acoustic surveys off South Georgia and tracking of king penguins breeding ashore there in...

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Autores principales:	Roland Proud, Camille Le Guen, Richard B. Sherley, Akiko Kato, Yan Ropert-Coudert, Norman Ratcliffe, Simon Jarman, Adam Wyness, John P. Y. Arnould, Ryan A. Saunders, Paul G. Fernandes, Lars Boehme, Andrew S. Brierley
Formato:	article
Lenguaje:	EN
Publicado:	Frontiers Media S.A. 2021
Materias:	acoustic surveys Aptenodytes patagonicus diving behaviour foraging habitat king penguin prey distribution Science Q General. Including nature conservation, geographical distribution QH1-199.5
Acceso en línea:	https://doaj.org/article/0511c5807f1549d0b4644b8a2356ceeb
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spelling	oai:doaj.org-article:0511c5807f1549d0b4644b8a2356ceeb2021-12-01T13:38:13ZUsing Predicted Patterns of 3D Prey Distribution to Map King Penguin Foraging Habitat2296-774510.3389/fmars.2021.745200https://doaj.org/article/0511c5807f1549d0b4644b8a2356ceeb2021-11-01T00:00:00Zhttps://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fmars.2021.745200/fullhttps://doaj.org/toc/2296-7745King penguins (Aptenodytes patagonicus) are an iconic Southern Ocean species, but the prey distributions that underpin their at-sea foraging tracks and diving behaviour remain unclear. We conducted simultaneous acoustic surveys off South Georgia and tracking of king penguins breeding ashore there in Austral summer 2017 to gain insight into habitat use and foraging behaviour. Acoustic surveys revealed ubiquitous deep scattering layers (DSLs; acoustically detected layers of fish and other micronekton that inhabit the mesopelagic zone) at c. 500 m and shallower ephemeral fish schools. Based on DNA extracted from penguin faecal samples, these schools were likely comprised of lanternfish (an important component of king penguin diets), icefish (Channichthyidae spp.) and painted noties (Lepidonotothen larseni). Penguins did not dive as deep as DSLs, but their prey-encounter depth-distributions, as revealed by biologging, overlapped at fine scale (10s of m) with depths of acoustically detected fish schools. We used neural networks to predict local scale (10 km) fish echo intensity and depth distribution at penguin dive locations based on environmental correlates, and developed models of habitat use. Habitat modelling revealed that king penguins preferentially foraged at locations predicted to have shallow and dense (high acoustic energy) fish schools associated with shallow and dense DSLs. These associations could be used to predict the distribution of king penguins from other colonies at South Georgia for which no tracking data are available, and to identify areas of potential ecological significance within the South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands marine protected area.Roland ProudCamille Le GuenRichard B. SherleyRichard B. SherleyAkiko KatoYan Ropert-CoudertNorman RatcliffeSimon JarmanAdam WynessJohn P. Y. ArnouldRyan A. SaundersPaul G. FernandesLars BoehmeAndrew S. BrierleyFrontiers Media S.A.articleacoustic surveysAptenodytes patagonicusdiving behaviourforaging habitatking penguinprey distributionScienceQGeneral. Including nature conservation, geographical distributionQH1-199.5ENFrontiers in Marine Science, Vol 8 (2021)
institution	DOAJ
collection	DOAJ
language	EN
topic	acoustic surveys Aptenodytes patagonicus diving behaviour foraging habitat king penguin prey distribution Science Q General. Including nature conservation, geographical distribution QH1-199.5
spellingShingle	acoustic surveys Aptenodytes patagonicus diving behaviour foraging habitat king penguin prey distribution Science Q General. Including nature conservation, geographical distribution QH1-199.5 Roland Proud Camille Le Guen Richard B. Sherley Richard B. Sherley Akiko Kato Yan Ropert-Coudert Norman Ratcliffe Simon Jarman Adam Wyness John P. Y. Arnould Ryan A. Saunders Paul G. Fernandes Lars Boehme Andrew S. Brierley Using Predicted Patterns of 3D Prey Distribution to Map King Penguin Foraging Habitat
description	King penguins (Aptenodytes patagonicus) are an iconic Southern Ocean species, but the prey distributions that underpin their at-sea foraging tracks and diving behaviour remain unclear. We conducted simultaneous acoustic surveys off South Georgia and tracking of king penguins breeding ashore there in Austral summer 2017 to gain insight into habitat use and foraging behaviour. Acoustic surveys revealed ubiquitous deep scattering layers (DSLs; acoustically detected layers of fish and other micronekton that inhabit the mesopelagic zone) at c. 500 m and shallower ephemeral fish schools. Based on DNA extracted from penguin faecal samples, these schools were likely comprised of lanternfish (an important component of king penguin diets), icefish (Channichthyidae spp.) and painted noties (Lepidonotothen larseni). Penguins did not dive as deep as DSLs, but their prey-encounter depth-distributions, as revealed by biologging, overlapped at fine scale (10s of m) with depths of acoustically detected fish schools. We used neural networks to predict local scale (10 km) fish echo intensity and depth distribution at penguin dive locations based on environmental correlates, and developed models of habitat use. Habitat modelling revealed that king penguins preferentially foraged at locations predicted to have shallow and dense (high acoustic energy) fish schools associated with shallow and dense DSLs. These associations could be used to predict the distribution of king penguins from other colonies at South Georgia for which no tracking data are available, and to identify areas of potential ecological significance within the South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands marine protected area.
format	article
author	Roland Proud Camille Le Guen Richard B. Sherley Richard B. Sherley Akiko Kato Yan Ropert-Coudert Norman Ratcliffe Simon Jarman Adam Wyness John P. Y. Arnould Ryan A. Saunders Paul G. Fernandes Lars Boehme Andrew S. Brierley
author_facet	Roland Proud Camille Le Guen Richard B. Sherley Richard B. Sherley Akiko Kato Yan Ropert-Coudert Norman Ratcliffe Simon Jarman Adam Wyness John P. Y. Arnould Ryan A. Saunders Paul G. Fernandes Lars Boehme Andrew S. Brierley
author_sort	Roland Proud
title	Using Predicted Patterns of 3D Prey Distribution to Map King Penguin Foraging Habitat
title_short	Using Predicted Patterns of 3D Prey Distribution to Map King Penguin Foraging Habitat
title_full	Using Predicted Patterns of 3D Prey Distribution to Map King Penguin Foraging Habitat
title_fullStr	Using Predicted Patterns of 3D Prey Distribution to Map King Penguin Foraging Habitat
title_full_unstemmed	Using Predicted Patterns of 3D Prey Distribution to Map King Penguin Foraging Habitat
title_sort	using predicted patterns of 3d prey distribution to map king penguin foraging habitat
publisher	Frontiers Media S.A.
publishDate	2021
url	https://doaj.org/article/0511c5807f1549d0b4644b8a2356ceeb
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Using Predicted Patterns of 3D Prey Distribution to Map King Penguin Foraging Habitat

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