Breeding Density and Collision Mortality of Loggerhead Shrike (<i>Lanius ludovicianus</i>) in the Altamont Pass Wind Resource Area

Loggerhead shrike (<i>Lanius ludovicianus</i>) has declined across most or all of its geographic range. The species’ raptorial behavior requires maintenance of large territories, which means populations of breeding shrikes require large areas of habitat and are therefore sensitive to hab...

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Autores principales:	K. Shawn Smallwood, Noriko L. Smallwood
Formato:	article
Lenguaje:	EN
Publicado:	MDPI AG 2021
Materias:	loggerhead shrike <i>Lanius ludovicianus</i> breeding density nest sites mortality wind energy Biology (General) QH301-705.5
Acceso en línea:	https://doaj.org/article/0565cbd61d064d47bfb3c72da45afce6
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spelling	oai:doaj.org-article:0565cbd61d064d47bfb3c72da45afce62021-11-25T17:22:30ZBreeding Density and Collision Mortality of Loggerhead Shrike (<i>Lanius ludovicianus</i>) in the Altamont Pass Wind Resource Area10.3390/d131105401424-2818https://doaj.org/article/0565cbd61d064d47bfb3c72da45afce62021-10-01T00:00:00Zhttps://www.mdpi.com/1424-2818/13/11/540https://doaj.org/toc/1424-2818Loggerhead shrike (<i>Lanius ludovicianus</i>) has declined across most or all of its geographic range. The species’ raptorial behavior requires maintenance of large territories, which means populations of breeding shrikes require large areas of habitat and are therefore sensitive to habitat loss and habitat fragmentation. We estimated breeding densities of loggerhead shrikes in the Altamont Pass Wind Resource Area (APWRA), California, where annual shrike mortality caused by wind turbine collisions was high until just before our study began in 2016. Based on surveys across an annual average 50 randomized sampling plots in 2016–2019, we estimated an average 129 breeding pairs/year across the 167.6-km<sup>2</sup> APWRA. Relative to the size of the study area, density in the APWRA was relatively high compared to densities reported from other study sites across North America. It was higher than predicted by application of the Partners in Flight estimator, which was based on Breeding Bird Surveys along roads. We also found that loggerhead shrikes in the APWRA were limited by the availability of nest substrate and by California ground squirrels (<i>Otospermophilus beecheyi</i>) and their burrow complexes, which have keystone effects on vegetation and wildlife in the APWRA. To most effectively conserve loggerhead shrikes in the APWRA, wind turbine mortality should be minimized, ground squirrels conserved instead of eradicated as pests, and appropriate trees and shrubs cultivated where they are needed.K. Shawn SmallwoodNoriko L. SmallwoodMDPI AGarticleloggerhead shrike<i>Lanius ludovicianus</i>breeding densitynest sitesmortalitywind energyBiology (General)QH301-705.5ENDiversity, Vol 13, Iss 540, p 540 (2021)
institution	DOAJ
collection	DOAJ
language	EN
topic	loggerhead shrike <i>Lanius ludovicianus</i> breeding density nest sites mortality wind energy Biology (General) QH301-705.5
spellingShingle	loggerhead shrike <i>Lanius ludovicianus</i> breeding density nest sites mortality wind energy Biology (General) QH301-705.5 K. Shawn Smallwood Noriko L. Smallwood Breeding Density and Collision Mortality of Loggerhead Shrike (<i>Lanius ludovicianus</i>) in the Altamont Pass Wind Resource Area
description	Loggerhead shrike (<i>Lanius ludovicianus</i>) has declined across most or all of its geographic range. The species’ raptorial behavior requires maintenance of large territories, which means populations of breeding shrikes require large areas of habitat and are therefore sensitive to habitat loss and habitat fragmentation. We estimated breeding densities of loggerhead shrikes in the Altamont Pass Wind Resource Area (APWRA), California, where annual shrike mortality caused by wind turbine collisions was high until just before our study began in 2016. Based on surveys across an annual average 50 randomized sampling plots in 2016–2019, we estimated an average 129 breeding pairs/year across the 167.6-km<sup>2</sup> APWRA. Relative to the size of the study area, density in the APWRA was relatively high compared to densities reported from other study sites across North America. It was higher than predicted by application of the Partners in Flight estimator, which was based on Breeding Bird Surveys along roads. We also found that loggerhead shrikes in the APWRA were limited by the availability of nest substrate and by California ground squirrels (<i>Otospermophilus beecheyi</i>) and their burrow complexes, which have keystone effects on vegetation and wildlife in the APWRA. To most effectively conserve loggerhead shrikes in the APWRA, wind turbine mortality should be minimized, ground squirrels conserved instead of eradicated as pests, and appropriate trees and shrubs cultivated where they are needed.
format	article
author	K. Shawn Smallwood Noriko L. Smallwood
author_facet	K. Shawn Smallwood Noriko L. Smallwood
author_sort	K. Shawn Smallwood
title	Breeding Density and Collision Mortality of Loggerhead Shrike (<i>Lanius ludovicianus</i>) in the Altamont Pass Wind Resource Area
title_short	Breeding Density and Collision Mortality of Loggerhead Shrike (<i>Lanius ludovicianus</i>) in the Altamont Pass Wind Resource Area
title_full	Breeding Density and Collision Mortality of Loggerhead Shrike (<i>Lanius ludovicianus</i>) in the Altamont Pass Wind Resource Area
title_fullStr	Breeding Density and Collision Mortality of Loggerhead Shrike (<i>Lanius ludovicianus</i>) in the Altamont Pass Wind Resource Area
title_full_unstemmed	Breeding Density and Collision Mortality of Loggerhead Shrike (<i>Lanius ludovicianus</i>) in the Altamont Pass Wind Resource Area
title_sort	breeding density and collision mortality of loggerhead shrike (<i>lanius ludovicianus</i>) in the altamont pass wind resource area
publisher	MDPI AG
publishDate	2021
url	https://doaj.org/article/0565cbd61d064d47bfb3c72da45afce6
work_keys_str_mv	AT kshawnsmallwood breedingdensityandcollisionmortalityofloggerheadshrikeilaniusludovicianusiinthealtamontpasswindresourcearea AT norikolsmallwood breedingdensityandcollisionmortalityofloggerheadshrikeilaniusludovicianusiinthealtamontpasswindresourcearea
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Breeding Density and Collision Mortality of Loggerhead Shrike (<i>Lanius ludovicianus</i>) in the Altamont Pass Wind Resource Area

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