Extrinsic factors, endocrine mechanisms, and behavioral indicators of migratory restlessness in wintering whooper swans (Cygnus cygnus)

Abstract Extrinsic factors, endocrine mechanisms, and behavioral indicators of migratory restlessness were studied in wintering whooper swans (Cygnus cygnus) in the Sanmenxia Swan National Wetland Park in western Henan Province, central China. First, the fecal glucocorticoid metabolite (FGM) concent...

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Autores principales:	Liangliang Yang, Wenxia Wang, Ping Sun, Songlin Huang, Ruyi Gao, Desheng Kong, Wendong Ru, Torsten Wronski, Guogang Zhang
Formato:	article
Lenguaje:	EN
Publicado:	Nature Portfolio 2021
Materias:	Medicine R Science Q
Acceso en línea:	https://doaj.org/article/0588b5f219e446adac7eb3718fe83bc8
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spelling	oai:doaj.org-article:0588b5f219e446adac7eb3718fe83bc82021-12-02T16:04:13ZExtrinsic factors, endocrine mechanisms, and behavioral indicators of migratory restlessness in wintering whooper swans (Cygnus cygnus)10.1038/s41598-021-92031-32045-2322https://doaj.org/article/0588b5f219e446adac7eb3718fe83bc82021-06-01T00:00:00Zhttps://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-021-92031-3https://doaj.org/toc/2045-2322Abstract Extrinsic factors, endocrine mechanisms, and behavioral indicators of migratory restlessness were studied in wintering whooper swans (Cygnus cygnus) in the Sanmenxia Swan National Wetland Park in western Henan Province, central China. First, the fecal glucocorticoid metabolite (FGM) concentration was established and related to mean air temperature or photo period (day length) using simple linear or non-linear regression models. After a model selection procedure, the best fitted model revealed that an increase of FGM concentration was associated with an increase in the squared mean air temperature (R2 = 0.88). Other models showed an increasing FGM concentration to correspond with increasing values of day length, squared day length, and mean air temperature—however without statistical support. In a second step, behavioral frequencies of seven behaviors were condensed into three behavioral principal components (PCs) using principal components analysis. Behavioral PCs largely corresponded to three activity phases described for wintering whooper swans in central China and were correlated with the FGM concentration using Spearman's rank-order correlations. Results revealed a significant correlation between FGM and behavioral PC2 (positive factor loadings from vigilance and preening, negative loading from foraging). Finally, we tested for an effect of behavioral PCs on changes in winter home range size using a set of multiple linear regression models. Results of averaged model parameter estimates showed only the behavioral PC3 (positive factor loadings from fighting and calling, negative loading from locomotion) had a marginal significant effect on home range size. Results confirmed findings of previous studies on migratory restlessness in whooper swans. However, due to the small sample size (N = 15 weeks) the effect of PC3 on home range size was weak and should be viewed with caution.Liangliang YangWenxia WangPing SunSonglin HuangRuyi GaoDesheng KongWendong RuTorsten WronskiGuogang ZhangNature PortfolioarticleMedicineRScienceQENScientific Reports, Vol 11, Iss 1, Pp 1-10 (2021)
institution	DOAJ
collection	DOAJ
language	EN
topic	Medicine R Science Q
spellingShingle	Medicine R Science Q Liangliang Yang Wenxia Wang Ping Sun Songlin Huang Ruyi Gao Desheng Kong Wendong Ru Torsten Wronski Guogang Zhang Extrinsic factors, endocrine mechanisms, and behavioral indicators of migratory restlessness in wintering whooper swans (Cygnus cygnus)
description	Abstract Extrinsic factors, endocrine mechanisms, and behavioral indicators of migratory restlessness were studied in wintering whooper swans (Cygnus cygnus) in the Sanmenxia Swan National Wetland Park in western Henan Province, central China. First, the fecal glucocorticoid metabolite (FGM) concentration was established and related to mean air temperature or photo period (day length) using simple linear or non-linear regression models. After a model selection procedure, the best fitted model revealed that an increase of FGM concentration was associated with an increase in the squared mean air temperature (R2 = 0.88). Other models showed an increasing FGM concentration to correspond with increasing values of day length, squared day length, and mean air temperature—however without statistical support. In a second step, behavioral frequencies of seven behaviors were condensed into three behavioral principal components (PCs) using principal components analysis. Behavioral PCs largely corresponded to three activity phases described for wintering whooper swans in central China and were correlated with the FGM concentration using Spearman's rank-order correlations. Results revealed a significant correlation between FGM and behavioral PC2 (positive factor loadings from vigilance and preening, negative loading from foraging). Finally, we tested for an effect of behavioral PCs on changes in winter home range size using a set of multiple linear regression models. Results of averaged model parameter estimates showed only the behavioral PC3 (positive factor loadings from fighting and calling, negative loading from locomotion) had a marginal significant effect on home range size. Results confirmed findings of previous studies on migratory restlessness in whooper swans. However, due to the small sample size (N = 15 weeks) the effect of PC3 on home range size was weak and should be viewed with caution.
format	article
author	Liangliang Yang Wenxia Wang Ping Sun Songlin Huang Ruyi Gao Desheng Kong Wendong Ru Torsten Wronski Guogang Zhang
author_facet	Liangliang Yang Wenxia Wang Ping Sun Songlin Huang Ruyi Gao Desheng Kong Wendong Ru Torsten Wronski Guogang Zhang
author_sort	Liangliang Yang
title	Extrinsic factors, endocrine mechanisms, and behavioral indicators of migratory restlessness in wintering whooper swans (Cygnus cygnus)
title_short	Extrinsic factors, endocrine mechanisms, and behavioral indicators of migratory restlessness in wintering whooper swans (Cygnus cygnus)
title_full	Extrinsic factors, endocrine mechanisms, and behavioral indicators of migratory restlessness in wintering whooper swans (Cygnus cygnus)
title_fullStr	Extrinsic factors, endocrine mechanisms, and behavioral indicators of migratory restlessness in wintering whooper swans (Cygnus cygnus)
title_full_unstemmed	Extrinsic factors, endocrine mechanisms, and behavioral indicators of migratory restlessness in wintering whooper swans (Cygnus cygnus)
title_sort	extrinsic factors, endocrine mechanisms, and behavioral indicators of migratory restlessness in wintering whooper swans (cygnus cygnus)
publisher	Nature Portfolio
publishDate	2021
url	https://doaj.org/article/0588b5f219e446adac7eb3718fe83bc8
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Extrinsic factors, endocrine mechanisms, and behavioral indicators of migratory restlessness in wintering whooper swans (Cygnus cygnus)

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