Screening of Anaesthetics in Adult Zebrafish (<i>Danio rerio</i>) for the Induction of Euthanasia by Overdose

Zebrafish are often euthanized by overdose of anaesthesia. However, fish may have aversion towards some anaesthetics, and protocol efficacy varies between species. Using wild type adult <i>Danio rerio</i>, we assessed time to loss of opercular beat, righting, and startle reflexes during...

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Autores principales:	Kristine von Krogh, Joseph Higgins, Yolanda Saavedra Torres, Jean-Philippe Mocho
Formato:	article
Lenguaje:	EN
Publicado:	MDPI AG 2021
Materias:	zebrafish <i>Danio rerio</i> euthanasia anaesthesia lidocaine tricaine Biology (General) QH301-705.5
Acceso en línea:	https://doaj.org/article/058ceb27b31949a4b4e2a4163279dfd2
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spelling	oai:doaj.org-article:058ceb27b31949a4b4e2a4163279dfd22021-11-25T16:47:20ZScreening of Anaesthetics in Adult Zebrafish (<i>Danio rerio</i>) for the Induction of Euthanasia by Overdose10.3390/biology101111332079-7737https://doaj.org/article/058ceb27b31949a4b4e2a4163279dfd22021-11-01T00:00:00Zhttps://www.mdpi.com/2079-7737/10/11/1133https://doaj.org/toc/2079-7737Zebrafish are often euthanized by overdose of anaesthesia. However, fish may have aversion towards some anaesthetics, and protocol efficacy varies between species. Using wild type adult <i>Danio rerio</i>, we assessed time to loss of opercular beat, righting, and startle reflexes during induction of anaesthetic overdose by either tricaine (0.5 g/L or 1 g/L), benzocaine (1 g/L), 2-phenoxyethanol (3 mL/L), clove oil (0.1%), isoeugenol (540 mg/L), lidocaine hydrochloride (1 g/L), or etomidate (50 mg/L). Initial screening demonstrated that benzocaine and buffered lidocaine hydrochloride achieved the fastest loss of reflexes. The rapid induction times were confirmed when retesting using larger batches of fish. The fastest induction was obtained with 1 g/L lidocaine hydrochloride buffered with 2 g/L NaHCO<sub>3</sub>, in which all adult zebrafish lost reflexes in less than 2 min. Next, we monitored signs of distress during benzocaine or buffered lidocaine hydrochloride overdose induction. The results indicated that buffered lidocaine hydrochloride caused significantly less aversive behaviors than benzocaine. Finally, we tested several buffers to refine the lidocaine hydrochloride immersion. The most efficient buffer for euthanasia induction using 1g/L lidocaine hydrochloride was 2 g/L NaHCO<sub>3</sub> with 50 mL/L 96% ethanol, inducing immobility in less than 10 s and with only 2% of adult zebrafish displaying aversive behaviors during treatment.Kristine von KroghJoseph HigginsYolanda Saavedra TorresJean-Philippe MochoMDPI AGarticlezebrafish<i>Danio rerio</i>euthanasiaanaesthesialidocainetricaineBiology (General)QH301-705.5ENBiology, Vol 10, Iss 1133, p 1133 (2021)
institution	DOAJ
collection	DOAJ
language	EN
topic	zebrafish <i>Danio rerio</i> euthanasia anaesthesia lidocaine tricaine Biology (General) QH301-705.5
spellingShingle	zebrafish <i>Danio rerio</i> euthanasia anaesthesia lidocaine tricaine Biology (General) QH301-705.5 Kristine von Krogh Joseph Higgins Yolanda Saavedra Torres Jean-Philippe Mocho Screening of Anaesthetics in Adult Zebrafish (<i>Danio rerio</i>) for the Induction of Euthanasia by Overdose
description	Zebrafish are often euthanized by overdose of anaesthesia. However, fish may have aversion towards some anaesthetics, and protocol efficacy varies between species. Using wild type adult <i>Danio rerio</i>, we assessed time to loss of opercular beat, righting, and startle reflexes during induction of anaesthetic overdose by either tricaine (0.5 g/L or 1 g/L), benzocaine (1 g/L), 2-phenoxyethanol (3 mL/L), clove oil (0.1%), isoeugenol (540 mg/L), lidocaine hydrochloride (1 g/L), or etomidate (50 mg/L). Initial screening demonstrated that benzocaine and buffered lidocaine hydrochloride achieved the fastest loss of reflexes. The rapid induction times were confirmed when retesting using larger batches of fish. The fastest induction was obtained with 1 g/L lidocaine hydrochloride buffered with 2 g/L NaHCO<sub>3</sub>, in which all adult zebrafish lost reflexes in less than 2 min. Next, we monitored signs of distress during benzocaine or buffered lidocaine hydrochloride overdose induction. The results indicated that buffered lidocaine hydrochloride caused significantly less aversive behaviors than benzocaine. Finally, we tested several buffers to refine the lidocaine hydrochloride immersion. The most efficient buffer for euthanasia induction using 1g/L lidocaine hydrochloride was 2 g/L NaHCO<sub>3</sub> with 50 mL/L 96% ethanol, inducing immobility in less than 10 s and with only 2% of adult zebrafish displaying aversive behaviors during treatment.
format	article
author	Kristine von Krogh Joseph Higgins Yolanda Saavedra Torres Jean-Philippe Mocho
author_facet	Kristine von Krogh Joseph Higgins Yolanda Saavedra Torres Jean-Philippe Mocho
author_sort	Kristine von Krogh
title	Screening of Anaesthetics in Adult Zebrafish (<i>Danio rerio</i>) for the Induction of Euthanasia by Overdose
title_short	Screening of Anaesthetics in Adult Zebrafish (<i>Danio rerio</i>) for the Induction of Euthanasia by Overdose
title_full	Screening of Anaesthetics in Adult Zebrafish (<i>Danio rerio</i>) for the Induction of Euthanasia by Overdose
title_fullStr	Screening of Anaesthetics in Adult Zebrafish (<i>Danio rerio</i>) for the Induction of Euthanasia by Overdose
title_full_unstemmed	Screening of Anaesthetics in Adult Zebrafish (<i>Danio rerio</i>) for the Induction of Euthanasia by Overdose
title_sort	screening of anaesthetics in adult zebrafish (<i>danio rerio</i>) for the induction of euthanasia by overdose
publisher	MDPI AG
publishDate	2021
url	https://doaj.org/article/058ceb27b31949a4b4e2a4163279dfd2
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Screening of Anaesthetics in Adult Zebrafish (<i>Danio rerio</i>) for the Induction of Euthanasia by Overdose

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