Unequal geographic distribution of water and sanitation at the household and school level in Sudan.

The Sudanese Government launched the National SDG-6 Plan and commences its implementation to achieve and sustain universal and equitable access to basic WASH services by 2030. It is critical to understand the geographical heterogeneity of Sudan and patterns in the inequality of access to safe drinki...

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Autores principales:	Seungman Cha, Yan Jin, Mousab Siddig Elhag, Youngjin Kim, Hassan Ahmed Hassan Ahmed Ismail
Formato:	article
Lenguaje:	EN
Publicado:	Public Library of Science (PLoS) 2021
Materias:	Medicine R Science Q
Acceso en línea:	https://doaj.org/article/05ad5847959c42c984d91d9947993495
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spelling	oai:doaj.org-article:05ad5847959c42c984d91d99479934952021-12-02T20:07:51ZUnequal geographic distribution of water and sanitation at the household and school level in Sudan.1932-620310.1371/journal.pone.0258418https://doaj.org/article/05ad5847959c42c984d91d99479934952021-01-01T00:00:00Zhttps://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0258418https://doaj.org/toc/1932-6203The Sudanese Government launched the National SDG-6 Plan and commences its implementation to achieve and sustain universal and equitable access to basic WASH services by 2030. It is critical to understand the geographical heterogeneity of Sudan and patterns in the inequality of access to safe drinking water and sanitation. Through such research, the disease control strategy can be optimized, and resource allocation can be prioritized. We explored spatial heterogeneity and inequality in access to improved water and sanitation across Sudan by mapping the coverage at both the state and district levels. We decomposed the inequality across Sudan into within-state, between-state, within-district, and between-state inequalities using the Theil L and Theil T indices. We calculated the Gini coefficient to assess the inequality of access to improved water and sanitation, based on the deviation of the Lorenz curve from the line of perfect equality. The study population was 105,167 students aged 8-13 at 1,776 primary schools across the country. Geographical heterogeneity was prominent in the Central Darfur, South Darfur, East Darfur, Kassala, West Kordofan, and Blue Nile States, all of which showed severe inequality in access to an improved latrine at the household level in terms of the Theil T or Theil L index. The overall inequality in the coverage of improved sanitation went beyond the warning limit of 0.4 for the Gini coefficient. The inequality in terms of the Theil L and Theil T indices, as well as the Gini coefficient, was always higher for improved sanitation than for improved water at the household level. Within-state inequality accounted for 66% or more of national inequalities in the distribution of improved sanitation and drinking water for both the Theil L and Theil T indices. This is the first study to measure geographical heterogeneity and inequalities in improved water and sanitation coverage across Sudan. The study may help to prioritize resource allocation to areas with the greatest water and sanitation needs.Seungman ChaYan JinMousab Siddig ElhagYoungjin KimHassan Ahmed Hassan Ahmed IsmailPublic Library of Science (PLoS)articleMedicineRScienceQENPLoS ONE, Vol 16, Iss 10, p e0258418 (2021)
institution	DOAJ
collection	DOAJ
language	EN
topic	Medicine R Science Q
spellingShingle	Medicine R Science Q Seungman Cha Yan Jin Mousab Siddig Elhag Youngjin Kim Hassan Ahmed Hassan Ahmed Ismail Unequal geographic distribution of water and sanitation at the household and school level in Sudan.
description	The Sudanese Government launched the National SDG-6 Plan and commences its implementation to achieve and sustain universal and equitable access to basic WASH services by 2030. It is critical to understand the geographical heterogeneity of Sudan and patterns in the inequality of access to safe drinking water and sanitation. Through such research, the disease control strategy can be optimized, and resource allocation can be prioritized. We explored spatial heterogeneity and inequality in access to improved water and sanitation across Sudan by mapping the coverage at both the state and district levels. We decomposed the inequality across Sudan into within-state, between-state, within-district, and between-state inequalities using the Theil L and Theil T indices. We calculated the Gini coefficient to assess the inequality of access to improved water and sanitation, based on the deviation of the Lorenz curve from the line of perfect equality. The study population was 105,167 students aged 8-13 at 1,776 primary schools across the country. Geographical heterogeneity was prominent in the Central Darfur, South Darfur, East Darfur, Kassala, West Kordofan, and Blue Nile States, all of which showed severe inequality in access to an improved latrine at the household level in terms of the Theil T or Theil L index. The overall inequality in the coverage of improved sanitation went beyond the warning limit of 0.4 for the Gini coefficient. The inequality in terms of the Theil L and Theil T indices, as well as the Gini coefficient, was always higher for improved sanitation than for improved water at the household level. Within-state inequality accounted for 66% or more of national inequalities in the distribution of improved sanitation and drinking water for both the Theil L and Theil T indices. This is the first study to measure geographical heterogeneity and inequalities in improved water and sanitation coverage across Sudan. The study may help to prioritize resource allocation to areas with the greatest water and sanitation needs.
format	article
author	Seungman Cha Yan Jin Mousab Siddig Elhag Youngjin Kim Hassan Ahmed Hassan Ahmed Ismail
author_facet	Seungman Cha Yan Jin Mousab Siddig Elhag Youngjin Kim Hassan Ahmed Hassan Ahmed Ismail
author_sort	Seungman Cha
title	Unequal geographic distribution of water and sanitation at the household and school level in Sudan.
title_short	Unequal geographic distribution of water and sanitation at the household and school level in Sudan.
title_full	Unequal geographic distribution of water and sanitation at the household and school level in Sudan.
title_fullStr	Unequal geographic distribution of water and sanitation at the household and school level in Sudan.
title_full_unstemmed	Unequal geographic distribution of water and sanitation at the household and school level in Sudan.
title_sort	unequal geographic distribution of water and sanitation at the household and school level in sudan.
publisher	Public Library of Science (PLoS)
publishDate	2021
url	https://doaj.org/article/05ad5847959c42c984d91d9947993495
work_keys_str_mv	AT seungmancha unequalgeographicdistributionofwaterandsanitationatthehouseholdandschoollevelinsudan AT yanjin unequalgeographicdistributionofwaterandsanitationatthehouseholdandschoollevelinsudan AT mousabsiddigelhag unequalgeographicdistributionofwaterandsanitationatthehouseholdandschoollevelinsudan AT youngjinkim unequalgeographicdistributionofwaterandsanitationatthehouseholdandschoollevelinsudan AT hassanahmedhassanahmedismail unequalgeographicdistributionofwaterandsanitationatthehouseholdandschoollevelinsudan
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Unequal geographic distribution of water and sanitation at the household and school level in Sudan.

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