Evaluation of the Apple iPhone 12 Pro LiDAR for an Application in Geosciences

Abstract Traditionally, topographic surveying in earth sciences requires high financial investments, elaborate logistics, complicated training of staff and extensive data processing. Recently, off-the-shelf drones with optical sensors already reduced the costs for obtaining a high-resolution dataset...

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Autores principales:	Gregor Luetzenburg, Aart Kroon, Anders A. Bjørk
Formato:	article
Lenguaje:	EN
Publicado:	Nature Portfolio 2021
Materias:	Medicine R Science Q
Acceso en línea:	https://doaj.org/article/05f6da2bb22e4343bec5db6fcf0ecf88
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spelling	oai:doaj.org-article:05f6da2bb22e4343bec5db6fcf0ecf882021-11-21T12:19:25ZEvaluation of the Apple iPhone 12 Pro LiDAR for an Application in Geosciences10.1038/s41598-021-01763-92045-2322https://doaj.org/article/05f6da2bb22e4343bec5db6fcf0ecf882021-11-01T00:00:00Zhttps://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-021-01763-9https://doaj.org/toc/2045-2322Abstract Traditionally, topographic surveying in earth sciences requires high financial investments, elaborate logistics, complicated training of staff and extensive data processing. Recently, off-the-shelf drones with optical sensors already reduced the costs for obtaining a high-resolution dataset of an Earth surface considerably. Nevertheless, costs and complexity associated with topographic surveying are still high. In 2020, Apple Inc. released the iPad Pro 2020 and the iPhone 12 Pro with novel build-in LiDAR sensors. Here we investigate the basic technical capabilities of the LiDAR sensors and we test the application at a coastal cliff in Denmark. The results are compared to state-of-the-art Structure from Motion Multi-View Stereo (SfM MVS) point clouds. The LiDAR sensors create accurate high-resolution models of small objects with a side length > 10 cm with an absolute accuracy of ± 1 cm. 3D models with the dimensions of up to 130 × 15 × 10 m of a coastal cliff with an absolute accuracy of ± 10 cm are compiled. Overall, the versatility in handling outweighs the range limitations, making the Apple LiDAR devices cost-effective alternatives to established techniques in remote sensing with possible fields of application for a wide range of geo-scientific areas and teaching.Gregor LuetzenburgAart KroonAnders A. BjørkNature PortfolioarticleMedicineRScienceQENScientific Reports, Vol 11, Iss 1, Pp 1-9 (2021)
institution	DOAJ
collection	DOAJ
language	EN
topic	Medicine R Science Q
spellingShingle	Medicine R Science Q Gregor Luetzenburg Aart Kroon Anders A. Bjørk Evaluation of the Apple iPhone 12 Pro LiDAR for an Application in Geosciences
description	Abstract Traditionally, topographic surveying in earth sciences requires high financial investments, elaborate logistics, complicated training of staff and extensive data processing. Recently, off-the-shelf drones with optical sensors already reduced the costs for obtaining a high-resolution dataset of an Earth surface considerably. Nevertheless, costs and complexity associated with topographic surveying are still high. In 2020, Apple Inc. released the iPad Pro 2020 and the iPhone 12 Pro with novel build-in LiDAR sensors. Here we investigate the basic technical capabilities of the LiDAR sensors and we test the application at a coastal cliff in Denmark. The results are compared to state-of-the-art Structure from Motion Multi-View Stereo (SfM MVS) point clouds. The LiDAR sensors create accurate high-resolution models of small objects with a side length > 10 cm with an absolute accuracy of ± 1 cm. 3D models with the dimensions of up to 130 × 15 × 10 m of a coastal cliff with an absolute accuracy of ± 10 cm are compiled. Overall, the versatility in handling outweighs the range limitations, making the Apple LiDAR devices cost-effective alternatives to established techniques in remote sensing with possible fields of application for a wide range of geo-scientific areas and teaching.
format	article
author	Gregor Luetzenburg Aart Kroon Anders A. Bjørk
author_facet	Gregor Luetzenburg Aart Kroon Anders A. Bjørk
author_sort	Gregor Luetzenburg
title	Evaluation of the Apple iPhone 12 Pro LiDAR for an Application in Geosciences
title_short	Evaluation of the Apple iPhone 12 Pro LiDAR for an Application in Geosciences
title_full	Evaluation of the Apple iPhone 12 Pro LiDAR for an Application in Geosciences
title_fullStr	Evaluation of the Apple iPhone 12 Pro LiDAR for an Application in Geosciences
title_full_unstemmed	Evaluation of the Apple iPhone 12 Pro LiDAR for an Application in Geosciences
title_sort	evaluation of the apple iphone 12 pro lidar for an application in geosciences
publisher	Nature Portfolio
publishDate	2021
url	https://doaj.org/article/05f6da2bb22e4343bec5db6fcf0ecf88
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Evaluation of the Apple iPhone 12 Pro LiDAR for an Application in Geosciences

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