Air-Fluidized Aggregates of Black Soldier fly Larvae

Black soldier fly larvae are a sustainable protein source and play a vital role in the emerging food-waste recycling industry. One of the challenges of raising larvae in dense aggregations is their rise in temperature during feeding, which, if not mitigated, can become lethal to the larvae. We propo...

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Autores principales:	Hungtang Ko, Grace J. Cassidy, Olga Shishkov, Enes Aydin, David L. Hu, Daniel I. Goldman
Formato:	article
Lenguaje:	EN
Publicado:	Frontiers Media S.A. 2021
Materias:	black soldier fly larvae fluidization living matter collective behavior activity Gaussian force Physics QC1-999
Acceso en línea:	https://doaj.org/article/0676784083054aea9dcdd231e4c08b3d
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spelling	oai:doaj.org-article:0676784083054aea9dcdd231e4c08b3d2021-12-02T08:43:34ZAir-Fluidized Aggregates of Black Soldier fly Larvae2296-424X10.3389/fphy.2021.734447https://doaj.org/article/0676784083054aea9dcdd231e4c08b3d2021-12-01T00:00:00Zhttps://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fphy.2021.734447/fullhttps://doaj.org/toc/2296-424XBlack soldier fly larvae are a sustainable protein source and play a vital role in the emerging food-waste recycling industry. One of the challenges of raising larvae in dense aggregations is their rise in temperature during feeding, which, if not mitigated, can become lethal to the larvae. We propose applying air-fluidization to circumvent such overheating. However, the behavior of such a system involves complex air-larva interactions and is poorly understood. In this combined experimental and numerical study, we show that the larval activity changes the behavior of the ensemble when compared to passive particles such as dead larvae. Over a cycle of increasing and then decreasing airflow, the states (pressure and height) of the live larva aggregates are single-value functions of the flow speed. In contrast, dead larva aggregates exhibit hysteresis characteristic of traditional fluidized beds, becoming more porous during the ramp down of airflow. This history-dependence for passive particles is supported by simulations that couple agent-based dynamics and computational fluid dynamics. We show that the hysteresis in height and pressure of the aggregates decreases as the activity of simulated larvae increases. To test if air fluidization can increase larval food intake, we performed feeding trials in a fluidization chamber and visualized the food consumption via x-ray imaging. Although the food mixes more rapidly in faster airflow, the consumption rate decreases. Our findings suggest that providing moderate airflow to larval aggregations may alleviate overheating of larval aggregations and evenly distribute the food without reducing feeding rates.Hungtang KoGrace J. CassidyOlga ShishkovEnes AydinDavid L. HuDavid L. HuDaniel I. GoldmanFrontiers Media S.A.articleblack soldier fly larvaefluidizationliving mattercollective behavioractivityGaussian forcePhysicsQC1-999ENFrontiers in Physics, Vol 9 (2021)
institution	DOAJ
collection	DOAJ
language	EN
topic	black soldier fly larvae fluidization living matter collective behavior activity Gaussian force Physics QC1-999
spellingShingle	black soldier fly larvae fluidization living matter collective behavior activity Gaussian force Physics QC1-999 Hungtang Ko Grace J. Cassidy Olga Shishkov Enes Aydin David L. Hu David L. Hu Daniel I. Goldman Air-Fluidized Aggregates of Black Soldier fly Larvae
description	Black soldier fly larvae are a sustainable protein source and play a vital role in the emerging food-waste recycling industry. One of the challenges of raising larvae in dense aggregations is their rise in temperature during feeding, which, if not mitigated, can become lethal to the larvae. We propose applying air-fluidization to circumvent such overheating. However, the behavior of such a system involves complex air-larva interactions and is poorly understood. In this combined experimental and numerical study, we show that the larval activity changes the behavior of the ensemble when compared to passive particles such as dead larvae. Over a cycle of increasing and then decreasing airflow, the states (pressure and height) of the live larva aggregates are single-value functions of the flow speed. In contrast, dead larva aggregates exhibit hysteresis characteristic of traditional fluidized beds, becoming more porous during the ramp down of airflow. This history-dependence for passive particles is supported by simulations that couple agent-based dynamics and computational fluid dynamics. We show that the hysteresis in height and pressure of the aggregates decreases as the activity of simulated larvae increases. To test if air fluidization can increase larval food intake, we performed feeding trials in a fluidization chamber and visualized the food consumption via x-ray imaging. Although the food mixes more rapidly in faster airflow, the consumption rate decreases. Our findings suggest that providing moderate airflow to larval aggregations may alleviate overheating of larval aggregations and evenly distribute the food without reducing feeding rates.
format	article
author	Hungtang Ko Grace J. Cassidy Olga Shishkov Enes Aydin David L. Hu David L. Hu Daniel I. Goldman
author_facet	Hungtang Ko Grace J. Cassidy Olga Shishkov Enes Aydin David L. Hu David L. Hu Daniel I. Goldman
author_sort	Hungtang Ko
title	Air-Fluidized Aggregates of Black Soldier fly Larvae
title_short	Air-Fluidized Aggregates of Black Soldier fly Larvae
title_full	Air-Fluidized Aggregates of Black Soldier fly Larvae
title_fullStr	Air-Fluidized Aggregates of Black Soldier fly Larvae
title_full_unstemmed	Air-Fluidized Aggregates of Black Soldier fly Larvae
title_sort	air-fluidized aggregates of black soldier fly larvae
publisher	Frontiers Media S.A.
publishDate	2021
url	https://doaj.org/article/0676784083054aea9dcdd231e4c08b3d
work_keys_str_mv	AT hungtangko airfluidizedaggregatesofblacksoldierflylarvae AT gracejcassidy airfluidizedaggregatesofblacksoldierflylarvae AT olgashishkov airfluidizedaggregatesofblacksoldierflylarvae AT enesaydin airfluidizedaggregatesofblacksoldierflylarvae AT davidlhu airfluidizedaggregatesofblacksoldierflylarvae AT davidlhu airfluidizedaggregatesofblacksoldierflylarvae AT danieligoldman airfluidizedaggregatesofblacksoldierflylarvae
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Air-Fluidized Aggregates of Black Soldier fly Larvae

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