Normative Parameters of Gastrocnemius Muscle Stiffness and Associations with Patient Characteristics and Function

# Background Quantifying muscle stiffness may aid in the diagnosis and management of individuals with muscle pathology. Therefore, the primary purpose of this study was to establish normative parameters and variance estimates of muscle stiffness in the gastrocnemius muscle in a resting and contrac...

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Autores principales:	Larisa R Hoffman, Shane L Koppenhaver, Cameron W MacDonald, Johnny M Herrera, Joshua Streuli, Zachary L Visco, Nicole Wildermuth, Stephanie R Albin
Formato:	article
Lenguaje:	EN
Publicado:	North American Sports Medicine Institute 2021
Materias:	Sports medicine RC1200-1245
Acceso en línea:	https://doaj.org/article/06934db99935438383bd690989eb72bd
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spelling	oai:doaj.org-article:06934db99935438383bd690989eb72bd2021-12-02T17:42:30ZNormative Parameters of Gastrocnemius Muscle Stiffness and Associations with Patient Characteristics and Function10.26603/001c.188032159-2896https://doaj.org/article/06934db99935438383bd690989eb72bd2021-02-01T00:00:00Zhttps://ijspt.scholasticahq.com/article/18803-normative-parameters-of-gastrocnemius-muscle-stiffness-and-associations-with-patient-characteristics-and-function.pdfhttps://doaj.org/toc/2159-2896# Background Quantifying muscle stiffness may aid in the diagnosis and management of individuals with muscle pathology. Therefore, the primary purpose of this study was to establish normative parameters and variance estimates of muscle stiffness in the gastrocnemius muscle in a resting and contracted state. A secondary aim was to identify demographic, anthropometric, medical history factors, and biomechanical factors related to muscle stiffness. # Methods Stiffness of the gastrocnemius muscle was measured in both a resting and contracted state in 102 asymptomatic individuals in this cross-sectional study. Differences based on muscle state (resting vs contracted) and sex (female vs male) were assessed using a 2 X 2 analysis of variance (ANOVA). Associations between muscle stiffness and sex, age, BMI, race, exercise frequency, exercise duration, force production, and step length were assessed using correlation analysis. # Results Gastrocnemius muscle stiffness significantly increased from a resting to a contracted state \[mean difference: 217.5 (95% CI: 191.3, 243.8), p < 0.001\]. In addition, muscles stiffness was 35% greater for males than females in a resting state and 76% greater in a contracted state. Greater muscle stiffness in a relaxed and contracted state was associated with larger plantarflexion force production (r = .26, p < 0.01 and r = .23, p < 0.01 respectively). # Conclusion Identifying normative parameters and variance estimates of muscle stiffness in asymptomatic individuals may help guide diagnosing and managing individuals with aberrant muscle function. # Level of Evidence 2b Individual Cohort Study # Clinical Relevance What is known about the subject: Muscle stiffness has been shown to be related to individuals with pathology such as Achilles tendinopathy; however, research is sparse regarding normative values of muscle stiffness. Measuring muscle stiffness may also be a way to potentially predict individuals prone to injury or to monitor the effectiveness of management strategies. What this study adds to existing knowledge: This study establishes defined estimates of muscle stiffness of the gastrocnemius in both a relaxed and contracted state in healthy individuals. Myotonometry measures of muscle stiffness demonstrated an increase in stiffness during contraction that varies by sex. Greater gastrocnemius muscle stiffness was associated with increased plantarflexion force production.Larisa R HoffmanShane L KoppenhaverCameron W MacDonaldJohnny M HerreraJoshua StreuliZachary L ViscoNicole WildermuthStephanie R AlbinNorth American Sports Medicine InstitutearticleSports medicineRC1200-1245ENInternational Journal of Sports Physical Therapy, Vol 16, Iss 1 (2021)
institution	DOAJ
collection	DOAJ
language	EN
topic	Sports medicine RC1200-1245
spellingShingle	Sports medicine RC1200-1245 Larisa R Hoffman Shane L Koppenhaver Cameron W MacDonald Johnny M Herrera Joshua Streuli Zachary L Visco Nicole Wildermuth Stephanie R Albin Normative Parameters of Gastrocnemius Muscle Stiffness and Associations with Patient Characteristics and Function
description	# Background Quantifying muscle stiffness may aid in the diagnosis and management of individuals with muscle pathology. Therefore, the primary purpose of this study was to establish normative parameters and variance estimates of muscle stiffness in the gastrocnemius muscle in a resting and contracted state. A secondary aim was to identify demographic, anthropometric, medical history factors, and biomechanical factors related to muscle stiffness. # Methods Stiffness of the gastrocnemius muscle was measured in both a resting and contracted state in 102 asymptomatic individuals in this cross-sectional study. Differences based on muscle state (resting vs contracted) and sex (female vs male) were assessed using a 2 X 2 analysis of variance (ANOVA). Associations between muscle stiffness and sex, age, BMI, race, exercise frequency, exercise duration, force production, and step length were assessed using correlation analysis. # Results Gastrocnemius muscle stiffness significantly increased from a resting to a contracted state \[mean difference: 217.5 (95% CI: 191.3, 243.8), p < 0.001\]. In addition, muscles stiffness was 35% greater for males than females in a resting state and 76% greater in a contracted state. Greater muscle stiffness in a relaxed and contracted state was associated with larger plantarflexion force production (r = .26, p < 0.01 and r = .23, p < 0.01 respectively). # Conclusion Identifying normative parameters and variance estimates of muscle stiffness in asymptomatic individuals may help guide diagnosing and managing individuals with aberrant muscle function. # Level of Evidence 2b Individual Cohort Study # Clinical Relevance What is known about the subject: Muscle stiffness has been shown to be related to individuals with pathology such as Achilles tendinopathy; however, research is sparse regarding normative values of muscle stiffness. Measuring muscle stiffness may also be a way to potentially predict individuals prone to injury or to monitor the effectiveness of management strategies. What this study adds to existing knowledge: This study establishes defined estimates of muscle stiffness of the gastrocnemius in both a relaxed and contracted state in healthy individuals. Myotonometry measures of muscle stiffness demonstrated an increase in stiffness during contraction that varies by sex. Greater gastrocnemius muscle stiffness was associated with increased plantarflexion force production.
format	article
author	Larisa R Hoffman Shane L Koppenhaver Cameron W MacDonald Johnny M Herrera Joshua Streuli Zachary L Visco Nicole Wildermuth Stephanie R Albin
author_facet	Larisa R Hoffman Shane L Koppenhaver Cameron W MacDonald Johnny M Herrera Joshua Streuli Zachary L Visco Nicole Wildermuth Stephanie R Albin
author_sort	Larisa R Hoffman
title	Normative Parameters of Gastrocnemius Muscle Stiffness and Associations with Patient Characteristics and Function
title_short	Normative Parameters of Gastrocnemius Muscle Stiffness and Associations with Patient Characteristics and Function
title_full	Normative Parameters of Gastrocnemius Muscle Stiffness and Associations with Patient Characteristics and Function
title_fullStr	Normative Parameters of Gastrocnemius Muscle Stiffness and Associations with Patient Characteristics and Function
title_full_unstemmed	Normative Parameters of Gastrocnemius Muscle Stiffness and Associations with Patient Characteristics and Function
title_sort	normative parameters of gastrocnemius muscle stiffness and associations with patient characteristics and function
publisher	North American Sports Medicine Institute
publishDate	2021
url	https://doaj.org/article/06934db99935438383bd690989eb72bd
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Normative Parameters of Gastrocnemius Muscle Stiffness and Associations with Patient Characteristics and Function

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