Safety profiles of terahertz scanning in ophthalmology

Abstract Terahertz (THz) technology has emerged recently as a potential novel imaging modality in biomedical fields, including ophthalmology. However, the ocular biological responses after THz electromagnetic exposure have not been investigated. We conducted a rabbit study to evaluate the safety pro...

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Autores principales:	Yu-Chi Liu, Lin Ke, Steve Wu Qing Yang, Zhang Nan, Ericia Pei Wen Teo, Nyein Chan Lwin, Molly Tzu-Yu Lin, Isabelle Xin Yu Lee, Anita Sook-Yee Chan, Leopold Schmetterer, Jodhbir S. Mehta
Formato:	article
Lenguaje:	EN
Publicado:	Nature Portfolio 2021
Materias:	Medicine R Science Q
Acceso en línea:	https://doaj.org/article/06b49d50204a4cb68f1a96b8f77ca65e
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spelling	oai:doaj.org-article:06b49d50204a4cb68f1a96b8f77ca65e2021-12-02T10:48:22ZSafety profiles of terahertz scanning in ophthalmology10.1038/s41598-021-82103-92045-2322https://doaj.org/article/06b49d50204a4cb68f1a96b8f77ca65e2021-01-01T00:00:00Zhttps://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-021-82103-9https://doaj.org/toc/2045-2322Abstract Terahertz (THz) technology has emerged recently as a potential novel imaging modality in biomedical fields, including ophthalmology. However, the ocular biological responses after THz electromagnetic exposure have not been investigated. We conducted a rabbit study to evaluate the safety profiles of THz scanning on eyes, at a tissue, cellular, structural and functional level. Eight animals (16 eyes) were analysed after excessive THz exposure (control, 1 h, 4 h, and 1 week after continuous 4-h exposure; THz frequency = 0.3 THz with continuous pulse generated at 40 µW). We found that at all the time points, the corneas and lens remained clear with no corneal haze or lens opacity formation clinically and histopathologically. No thermal effect, assessed by thermographer, was observed. The rod and cone cell-mediated electroretinography responses were not significantly altered, and the corneal keratocytes activity as well as endothelial viability, assessed by in-vivo confocal microscopy, was not affected. Post-exposed corneas, lens and retinas exhibited no significant changes in the mRNA expression of heat shock protein (HSP)90AB1), DNA damage inducible transcript 3 (DDIT3), and early growth response (EGR)1. These tissues were also negative for the inflammatory (CD11b), fibrotic (fibronectin and α-smooth muscle actin), stress (HSP-47) and apoptotic (TUNEL assay) responses on the immunohistochemical analyses. The optical transmittance of corneas did not change significantly, and the inter-fibrillar distances of the corneal stroma evaluated with transmission electron microscopy were not significantly altered after THz exposure. These results provide the basis for future research work on the development of THz imaging system for its application in ophthalmology.Yu-Chi LiuLin KeSteve Wu Qing YangZhang NanEricia Pei Wen TeoNyein Chan LwinMolly Tzu-Yu LinIsabelle Xin Yu LeeAnita Sook-Yee ChanLeopold SchmettererJodhbir S. MehtaNature PortfolioarticleMedicineRScienceQENScientific Reports, Vol 11, Iss 1, Pp 1-12 (2021)
institution	DOAJ
collection	DOAJ
language	EN
topic	Medicine R Science Q
spellingShingle	Medicine R Science Q Yu-Chi Liu Lin Ke Steve Wu Qing Yang Zhang Nan Ericia Pei Wen Teo Nyein Chan Lwin Molly Tzu-Yu Lin Isabelle Xin Yu Lee Anita Sook-Yee Chan Leopold Schmetterer Jodhbir S. Mehta Safety profiles of terahertz scanning in ophthalmology
description	Abstract Terahertz (THz) technology has emerged recently as a potential novel imaging modality in biomedical fields, including ophthalmology. However, the ocular biological responses after THz electromagnetic exposure have not been investigated. We conducted a rabbit study to evaluate the safety profiles of THz scanning on eyes, at a tissue, cellular, structural and functional level. Eight animals (16 eyes) were analysed after excessive THz exposure (control, 1 h, 4 h, and 1 week after continuous 4-h exposure; THz frequency = 0.3 THz with continuous pulse generated at 40 µW). We found that at all the time points, the corneas and lens remained clear with no corneal haze or lens opacity formation clinically and histopathologically. No thermal effect, assessed by thermographer, was observed. The rod and cone cell-mediated electroretinography responses were not significantly altered, and the corneal keratocytes activity as well as endothelial viability, assessed by in-vivo confocal microscopy, was not affected. Post-exposed corneas, lens and retinas exhibited no significant changes in the mRNA expression of heat shock protein (HSP)90AB1), DNA damage inducible transcript 3 (DDIT3), and early growth response (EGR)1. These tissues were also negative for the inflammatory (CD11b), fibrotic (fibronectin and α-smooth muscle actin), stress (HSP-47) and apoptotic (TUNEL assay) responses on the immunohistochemical analyses. The optical transmittance of corneas did not change significantly, and the inter-fibrillar distances of the corneal stroma evaluated with transmission electron microscopy were not significantly altered after THz exposure. These results provide the basis for future research work on the development of THz imaging system for its application in ophthalmology.
format	article
author	Yu-Chi Liu Lin Ke Steve Wu Qing Yang Zhang Nan Ericia Pei Wen Teo Nyein Chan Lwin Molly Tzu-Yu Lin Isabelle Xin Yu Lee Anita Sook-Yee Chan Leopold Schmetterer Jodhbir S. Mehta
author_facet	Yu-Chi Liu Lin Ke Steve Wu Qing Yang Zhang Nan Ericia Pei Wen Teo Nyein Chan Lwin Molly Tzu-Yu Lin Isabelle Xin Yu Lee Anita Sook-Yee Chan Leopold Schmetterer Jodhbir S. Mehta
author_sort	Yu-Chi Liu
title	Safety profiles of terahertz scanning in ophthalmology
title_short	Safety profiles of terahertz scanning in ophthalmology
title_full	Safety profiles of terahertz scanning in ophthalmology
title_fullStr	Safety profiles of terahertz scanning in ophthalmology
title_full_unstemmed	Safety profiles of terahertz scanning in ophthalmology
title_sort	safety profiles of terahertz scanning in ophthalmology
publisher	Nature Portfolio
publishDate	2021
url	https://doaj.org/article/06b49d50204a4cb68f1a96b8f77ca65e
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Safety profiles of terahertz scanning in ophthalmology

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