Cryptococcus gattii VGIII isolates causing infections in HIV/AIDS patients in Southern California: identification of the local environmental source as arboreal.

Ongoing Cryptococcus gattii outbreaks in the Western United States and Canada illustrate the impact of environmental reservoirs and both clonal and recombining propagation in driving emergence and expansion of microbial pathogens. C. gattii comprises four distinct molecular types: VGI, VGII, VGIII,...

Descripción completa

Guardado en:

Detalles Bibliográficos
Autores principales:	Deborah J Springer, R Blake Billmyre, Elan E Filler, Kerstin Voelz, Rhiannon Pursall, Piotr A Mieczkowski, Robert A Larsen, Fred S Dietrich, Robin C May, Scott G Filler, Joseph Heitman
Formato:	article
Lenguaje:	EN
Publicado:	Public Library of Science (PLoS) 2014
Materias:	Immunologic diseases. Allergy RC581-607 Biology (General) QH301-705.5
Acceso en línea:	https://doaj.org/article/06c682fdb6884815a6ded3cfc7358401
Etiquetas:	Agregar Etiqueta Sin Etiquetas, Sea el primero en etiquetar este registro!

id	oai:doaj.org-article:06c682fdb6884815a6ded3cfc7358401
record_format	dspace
spelling	oai:doaj.org-article:06c682fdb6884815a6ded3cfc73584012021-11-25T05:46:08ZCryptococcus gattii VGIII isolates causing infections in HIV/AIDS patients in Southern California: identification of the local environmental source as arboreal.1553-73661553-737410.1371/journal.ppat.1004285https://doaj.org/article/06c682fdb6884815a6ded3cfc73584012014-08-01T00:00:00Zhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/pmid/25144534/?tool=EBIhttps://doaj.org/toc/1553-7366https://doaj.org/toc/1553-7374Ongoing Cryptococcus gattii outbreaks in the Western United States and Canada illustrate the impact of environmental reservoirs and both clonal and recombining propagation in driving emergence and expansion of microbial pathogens. C. gattii comprises four distinct molecular types: VGI, VGII, VGIII, and VGIV, with no evidence of nuclear genetic exchange, indicating these represent distinct species. C. gattii VGII isolates are causing the Pacific Northwest outbreak, whereas VGIII isolates frequently infect HIV/AIDS patients in Southern California. VGI, VGII, and VGIII have been isolated from patients and animals in the Western US, suggesting these molecular types occur in the environment. However, only two environmental isolates of C. gattii have ever been reported from California: CBS7750 (VGII) and WM161 (VGIII). The incongruence of frequent clinical presence and uncommon environmental isolation suggests an unknown C. gattii reservoir in California. Here we report frequent isolation of C. gattii VGIII MATα and MATa isolates and infrequent isolation of VGI MATα from environmental sources in Southern California. VGIII isolates were obtained from soil debris associated with tree species not previously reported as hosts from sites near residences of infected patients. These isolates are fertile under laboratory conditions, produce abundant spores, and are part of both locally and more distantly recombining populations. MLST and whole genome sequence analysis provide compelling evidence that these environmental isolates are the source of human infections. Isolates displayed wide-ranging virulence in macrophage and animal models. When clinical and environmental isolates with indistinguishable MLST profiles were compared, environmental isolates were less virulent. Taken together, our studies reveal an environmental source and risk of C. gattii to HIV/AIDS patients with implications for the >1,000,000 cryptococcal infections occurring annually for which the causative isolate is rarely assigned species status. Thus, the C. gattii global health burden could be more substantial than currently appreciated.Deborah J SpringerR Blake BillmyreElan E FillerKerstin VoelzRhiannon PursallPiotr A MieczkowskiRobert A LarsenFred S DietrichRobin C MayScott G FillerJoseph HeitmanPublic Library of Science (PLoS)articleImmunologic diseases. AllergyRC581-607Biology (General)QH301-705.5ENPLoS Pathogens, Vol 10, Iss 8, p e1004285 (2014)
institution	DOAJ
collection	DOAJ
language	EN
topic	Immunologic diseases. Allergy RC581-607 Biology (General) QH301-705.5
spellingShingle	Immunologic diseases. Allergy RC581-607 Biology (General) QH301-705.5 Deborah J Springer R Blake Billmyre Elan E Filler Kerstin Voelz Rhiannon Pursall Piotr A Mieczkowski Robert A Larsen Fred S Dietrich Robin C May Scott G Filler Joseph Heitman Cryptococcus gattii VGIII isolates causing infections in HIV/AIDS patients in Southern California: identification of the local environmental source as arboreal.
description	Ongoing Cryptococcus gattii outbreaks in the Western United States and Canada illustrate the impact of environmental reservoirs and both clonal and recombining propagation in driving emergence and expansion of microbial pathogens. C. gattii comprises four distinct molecular types: VGI, VGII, VGIII, and VGIV, with no evidence of nuclear genetic exchange, indicating these represent distinct species. C. gattii VGII isolates are causing the Pacific Northwest outbreak, whereas VGIII isolates frequently infect HIV/AIDS patients in Southern California. VGI, VGII, and VGIII have been isolated from patients and animals in the Western US, suggesting these molecular types occur in the environment. However, only two environmental isolates of C. gattii have ever been reported from California: CBS7750 (VGII) and WM161 (VGIII). The incongruence of frequent clinical presence and uncommon environmental isolation suggests an unknown C. gattii reservoir in California. Here we report frequent isolation of C. gattii VGIII MATα and MATa isolates and infrequent isolation of VGI MATα from environmental sources in Southern California. VGIII isolates were obtained from soil debris associated with tree species not previously reported as hosts from sites near residences of infected patients. These isolates are fertile under laboratory conditions, produce abundant spores, and are part of both locally and more distantly recombining populations. MLST and whole genome sequence analysis provide compelling evidence that these environmental isolates are the source of human infections. Isolates displayed wide-ranging virulence in macrophage and animal models. When clinical and environmental isolates with indistinguishable MLST profiles were compared, environmental isolates were less virulent. Taken together, our studies reveal an environmental source and risk of C. gattii to HIV/AIDS patients with implications for the >1,000,000 cryptococcal infections occurring annually for which the causative isolate is rarely assigned species status. Thus, the C. gattii global health burden could be more substantial than currently appreciated.
format	article
author	Deborah J Springer R Blake Billmyre Elan E Filler Kerstin Voelz Rhiannon Pursall Piotr A Mieczkowski Robert A Larsen Fred S Dietrich Robin C May Scott G Filler Joseph Heitman
author_facet	Deborah J Springer R Blake Billmyre Elan E Filler Kerstin Voelz Rhiannon Pursall Piotr A Mieczkowski Robert A Larsen Fred S Dietrich Robin C May Scott G Filler Joseph Heitman
author_sort	Deborah J Springer
title	Cryptococcus gattii VGIII isolates causing infections in HIV/AIDS patients in Southern California: identification of the local environmental source as arboreal.
title_short	Cryptococcus gattii VGIII isolates causing infections in HIV/AIDS patients in Southern California: identification of the local environmental source as arboreal.
title_full	Cryptococcus gattii VGIII isolates causing infections in HIV/AIDS patients in Southern California: identification of the local environmental source as arboreal.
title_fullStr	Cryptococcus gattii VGIII isolates causing infections in HIV/AIDS patients in Southern California: identification of the local environmental source as arboreal.
title_full_unstemmed	Cryptococcus gattii VGIII isolates causing infections in HIV/AIDS patients in Southern California: identification of the local environmental source as arboreal.
title_sort	cryptococcus gattii vgiii isolates causing infections in hiv/aids patients in southern california: identification of the local environmental source as arboreal.
publisher	Public Library of Science (PLoS)
publishDate	2014
url	https://doaj.org/article/06c682fdb6884815a6ded3cfc7358401
work_keys_str_mv	AT deborahjspringer cryptococcusgattiivgiiiisolatescausinginfectionsinhivaidspatientsinsoutherncaliforniaidentificationofthelocalenvironmentalsourceasarboreal AT rblakebillmyre cryptococcusgattiivgiiiisolatescausinginfectionsinhivaidspatientsinsoutherncaliforniaidentificationofthelocalenvironmentalsourceasarboreal AT elanefiller cryptococcusgattiivgiiiisolatescausinginfectionsinhivaidspatientsinsoutherncaliforniaidentificationofthelocalenvironmentalsourceasarboreal AT kerstinvoelz cryptococcusgattiivgiiiisolatescausinginfectionsinhivaidspatientsinsoutherncaliforniaidentificationofthelocalenvironmentalsourceasarboreal AT rhiannonpursall cryptococcusgattiivgiiiisolatescausinginfectionsinhivaidspatientsinsoutherncaliforniaidentificationofthelocalenvironmentalsourceasarboreal AT piotramieczkowski cryptococcusgattiivgiiiisolatescausinginfectionsinhivaidspatientsinsoutherncaliforniaidentificationofthelocalenvironmentalsourceasarboreal AT robertalarsen cryptococcusgattiivgiiiisolatescausinginfectionsinhivaidspatientsinsoutherncaliforniaidentificationofthelocalenvironmentalsourceasarboreal AT fredsdietrich cryptococcusgattiivgiiiisolatescausinginfectionsinhivaidspatientsinsoutherncaliforniaidentificationofthelocalenvironmentalsourceasarboreal AT robincmay cryptococcusgattiivgiiiisolatescausinginfectionsinhivaidspatientsinsoutherncaliforniaidentificationofthelocalenvironmentalsourceasarboreal AT scottgfiller cryptococcusgattiivgiiiisolatescausinginfectionsinhivaidspatientsinsoutherncaliforniaidentificationofthelocalenvironmentalsourceasarboreal AT josephheitman cryptococcusgattiivgiiiisolatescausinginfectionsinhivaidspatientsinsoutherncaliforniaidentificationofthelocalenvironmentalsourceasarboreal
_version_	1718414441245048832

Cryptococcus gattii VGIII isolates causing infections in HIV/AIDS patients in Southern California: identification of the local environmental source as arboreal.

Ejemplares similares