Novel Effective <named-content content-type="genus-species">Bacillus cereus</named-content> Group Species “<italic toggle="yes">Bacillus clarus</italic>” Is Represented by Antibiotic-Producing Strain ATCC 21929 Isolated from Soil

ABSTRACT Gram-positive, spore-forming members of the Bacillus cereus group species complex are widespread in natural environments and display various degrees of pathogenicity. Recently, B. cereus group strain Bacillus mycoides Flugge ATCC 21929 was found to represent a novel lineage within the speci...

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Autores principales:	Marysabel Méndez Acevedo, Laura M. Carroll, Manjari Mukherjee, Emma Mills, Lingzi Xiaoli, Edward G. Dudley, Jasna Kovac
Formato:	article
Lenguaje:	EN
Publicado:	American Society for Microbiology 2020
Materias:	Bacillus cereus group Bacillus cereus sensu lato Bacillus clarus antibiotic production cerexin A cytotoxicity Microbiology QR1-502
Acceso en línea:	https://doaj.org/article/0776e8c589114eaaa87cc7dd9a50cd19
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spelling	oai:doaj.org-article:0776e8c589114eaaa87cc7dd9a50cd192021-11-15T15:31:13ZNovel Effective <named-content content-type="genus-species">Bacillus cereus</named-content> Group Species “<italic toggle="yes">Bacillus clarus</italic>” Is Represented by Antibiotic-Producing Strain ATCC 21929 Isolated from Soil10.1128/mSphere.00882-202379-5042https://doaj.org/article/0776e8c589114eaaa87cc7dd9a50cd192020-12-01T00:00:00Zhttps://journals.asm.org/doi/10.1128/mSphere.00882-20https://doaj.org/toc/2379-5042ABSTRACT Gram-positive, spore-forming members of the Bacillus cereus group species complex are widespread in natural environments and display various degrees of pathogenicity. Recently, B. cereus group strain Bacillus mycoides Flugge ATCC 21929 was found to represent a novel lineage within the species complex, sharing a relatively low degree of genomic similarity with all B. cereus group genomes (average nucleotide identity [ANI] < 88). ATCC 21929 has been previously associated with the production of a patented antibiotic, antibiotic 60-6 (i.e., cerexin A); however, the virulence potential and growth characteristics of this lineage have never been assessed. Here, we provide an extensive genomic and phenotypic characterization of ATCC 21929, and we assess its pathogenic potential in vitro. ATCC 21929 most closely resembles Bacillus paramycoides NH24A2T (ANI and in silico DNA-DNA hybridization values of 86.70 and 34.10%, respectively). Phenotypically, ATCC 21929 does not possess cytochrome c oxidase activity and is able to grow at a range of temperatures between 15 and 43°C and a range of pH between 6 and 9. At 32°C, ATCC 21929 shows weak production of diarrheal enterotoxin hemolysin BL (Hbl) but no production of nonhemolytic enterotoxin (Nhe); at 37°C, neither Hbl nor Nhe is produced. Additionally, at 37°C, ATCC 21929 does not exhibit cytotoxic effects toward HeLa cells. With regard to fatty acid composition, ATCC 21929 has iso-C17:0 present in highest abundance. Based on the characterization provided here, ATCC 21929T (= PS00077AT = PS00077BT = PSU-0922T = BHPT) represents a novel effective B. cereus group species, which we propose as effective species “Bacillus clarus.” IMPORTANCE The B. cereus group comprises numerous closely related lineages with various degrees of pathogenic potential and industrial relevance. Species-level taxonomic classification of B. cereus group strains is important for risk evaluation and communication but remains challenging. Biochemical and phenotypic assays are often used to assign B. cereus group strains to species but are insufficient for accurate taxonomic classification on a genomic scale. Here, we show that antibiotic-producing ATCC 21929 represents a novel lineage within the B. cereus group that, by all metrics used to delineate prokaryotic species, exemplifies a novel effective species. Furthermore, we show that ATCC 21929 is incapable of producing enterotoxins Hbl and Nhe or exhibiting cytotoxic effects on HeLa cells at human body temperature in vitro. These results provide greater insight into the genomic and phenotypic diversity of the B. cereus group and may be leveraged to inform future public health and food safety efforts.Marysabel Méndez AcevedoLaura M. CarrollManjari MukherjeeEmma MillsLingzi XiaoliEdward G. DudleyJasna KovacAmerican Society for MicrobiologyarticleBacillus cereus groupBacillus cereus sensu latoBacillus clarusantibiotic productioncerexin AcytotoxicityMicrobiologyQR1-502ENmSphere, Vol 5, Iss 6 (2020)
institution	DOAJ
collection	DOAJ
language	EN
topic	Bacillus cereus group Bacillus cereus sensu lato Bacillus clarus antibiotic production cerexin A cytotoxicity Microbiology QR1-502
spellingShingle	Bacillus cereus group Bacillus cereus sensu lato Bacillus clarus antibiotic production cerexin A cytotoxicity Microbiology QR1-502 Marysabel Méndez Acevedo Laura M. Carroll Manjari Mukherjee Emma Mills Lingzi Xiaoli Edward G. Dudley Jasna Kovac Novel Effective <named-content content-type="genus-species">Bacillus cereus</named-content> Group Species “<italic toggle="yes">Bacillus clarus</italic>” Is Represented by Antibiotic-Producing Strain ATCC 21929 Isolated from Soil
description	ABSTRACT Gram-positive, spore-forming members of the Bacillus cereus group species complex are widespread in natural environments and display various degrees of pathogenicity. Recently, B. cereus group strain Bacillus mycoides Flugge ATCC 21929 was found to represent a novel lineage within the species complex, sharing a relatively low degree of genomic similarity with all B. cereus group genomes (average nucleotide identity [ANI] < 88). ATCC 21929 has been previously associated with the production of a patented antibiotic, antibiotic 60-6 (i.e., cerexin A); however, the virulence potential and growth characteristics of this lineage have never been assessed. Here, we provide an extensive genomic and phenotypic characterization of ATCC 21929, and we assess its pathogenic potential in vitro. ATCC 21929 most closely resembles Bacillus paramycoides NH24A2T (ANI and in silico DNA-DNA hybridization values of 86.70 and 34.10%, respectively). Phenotypically, ATCC 21929 does not possess cytochrome c oxidase activity and is able to grow at a range of temperatures between 15 and 43°C and a range of pH between 6 and 9. At 32°C, ATCC 21929 shows weak production of diarrheal enterotoxin hemolysin BL (Hbl) but no production of nonhemolytic enterotoxin (Nhe); at 37°C, neither Hbl nor Nhe is produced. Additionally, at 37°C, ATCC 21929 does not exhibit cytotoxic effects toward HeLa cells. With regard to fatty acid composition, ATCC 21929 has iso-C17:0 present in highest abundance. Based on the characterization provided here, ATCC 21929T (= PS00077AT = PS00077BT = PSU-0922T = BHPT) represents a novel effective B. cereus group species, which we propose as effective species “Bacillus clarus.” IMPORTANCE The B. cereus group comprises numerous closely related lineages with various degrees of pathogenic potential and industrial relevance. Species-level taxonomic classification of B. cereus group strains is important for risk evaluation and communication but remains challenging. Biochemical and phenotypic assays are often used to assign B. cereus group strains to species but are insufficient for accurate taxonomic classification on a genomic scale. Here, we show that antibiotic-producing ATCC 21929 represents a novel lineage within the B. cereus group that, by all metrics used to delineate prokaryotic species, exemplifies a novel effective species. Furthermore, we show that ATCC 21929 is incapable of producing enterotoxins Hbl and Nhe or exhibiting cytotoxic effects on HeLa cells at human body temperature in vitro. These results provide greater insight into the genomic and phenotypic diversity of the B. cereus group and may be leveraged to inform future public health and food safety efforts.
format	article
author	Marysabel Méndez Acevedo Laura M. Carroll Manjari Mukherjee Emma Mills Lingzi Xiaoli Edward G. Dudley Jasna Kovac
author_facet	Marysabel Méndez Acevedo Laura M. Carroll Manjari Mukherjee Emma Mills Lingzi Xiaoli Edward G. Dudley Jasna Kovac
author_sort	Marysabel Méndez Acevedo
title	Novel Effective <named-content content-type="genus-species">Bacillus cereus</named-content> Group Species “<italic toggle="yes">Bacillus clarus</italic>” Is Represented by Antibiotic-Producing Strain ATCC 21929 Isolated from Soil
title_short	Novel Effective <named-content content-type="genus-species">Bacillus cereus</named-content> Group Species “<italic toggle="yes">Bacillus clarus</italic>” Is Represented by Antibiotic-Producing Strain ATCC 21929 Isolated from Soil
title_full	Novel Effective <named-content content-type="genus-species">Bacillus cereus</named-content> Group Species “<italic toggle="yes">Bacillus clarus</italic>” Is Represented by Antibiotic-Producing Strain ATCC 21929 Isolated from Soil
title_fullStr	Novel Effective <named-content content-type="genus-species">Bacillus cereus</named-content> Group Species “<italic toggle="yes">Bacillus clarus</italic>” Is Represented by Antibiotic-Producing Strain ATCC 21929 Isolated from Soil
title_full_unstemmed	Novel Effective <named-content content-type="genus-species">Bacillus cereus</named-content> Group Species “<italic toggle="yes">Bacillus clarus</italic>” Is Represented by Antibiotic-Producing Strain ATCC 21929 Isolated from Soil
title_sort	novel effective <named-content content-type="genus-species">bacillus cereus</named-content> group species “<italic toggle="yes">bacillus clarus</italic>” is represented by antibiotic-producing strain atcc 21929 isolated from soil
publisher	American Society for Microbiology
publishDate	2020
url	https://doaj.org/article/0776e8c589114eaaa87cc7dd9a50cd19
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Novel Effective <named-content content-type="genus-species">Bacillus cereus</named-content> Group Species “<italic toggle="yes">Bacillus clarus</italic>” Is Represented by Antibiotic-Producing Strain ATCC 21929 Isolated from Soil

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