Sound Propagation Modelling for Manned and Unmanned Aircraft Noise Assessment and Mitigation: A Review

This paper addresses one of the recognized barriers to the unrestricted adoption of Unmanned Aircraft (UA) in mainstream urban use—noise—and reviews existing approaches for estimating and mitigating this problem. The aircraft noise problem is discussed upfront in general terms by introducing the sou...

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Autores principales:	Rohan Kapoor, Nicola Kloet, Alessandro Gardi, Abdulghani Mohamed, Roberto Sabatini
Formato:	article
Lenguaje:	EN
Publicado:	MDPI AG 2021
Materias:	noise modelling aeroacoustics unmanned aerial vehicle urban air mobility drone noise Meteorology. Climatology QC851-999
Acceso en línea:	https://doaj.org/article/07c0fb0d154c4b36be24d17f66533ae2
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id	oai:doaj.org-article:07c0fb0d154c4b36be24d17f66533ae2
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spelling	oai:doaj.org-article:07c0fb0d154c4b36be24d17f66533ae22021-11-25T16:44:32ZSound Propagation Modelling for Manned and Unmanned Aircraft Noise Assessment and Mitigation: A Review10.3390/atmos121114242073-4433https://doaj.org/article/07c0fb0d154c4b36be24d17f66533ae22021-10-01T00:00:00Zhttps://www.mdpi.com/2073-4433/12/11/1424https://doaj.org/toc/2073-4433This paper addresses one of the recognized barriers to the unrestricted adoption of Unmanned Aircraft (UA) in mainstream urban use—noise—and reviews existing approaches for estimating and mitigating this problem. The aircraft noise problem is discussed upfront in general terms by introducing the sound emission, propagation, and psychoacoustic effects. The propagation of sound in the atmosphere, which is the focus of this paper, is then analysed in detail to isolate the environmental and operational factors that predominantly influence the perceived noise on the ground, especially looking at large-scale low-altitude UA operations, such as in the envisioned Urban Air Mobility (UAM) concepts. The physics of sound propagation are presented, considering all attenuation effects and the anomalies due to Doppler and atmospheric effects, such as wind, thermal inversion, and turbulence. The analysis allows to highlight the limitations of current mainstream aircraft noise modelling and certification approaches and, in particular, their inadequacy in addressing the noise of UA and, more generally, UAM vehicles. This finding is important considering that, although reducing noise at the source has remained a priority for manufacturers to enable the scaling up of UAM and drone delivery operations in the near future, the impact of poorly considered propagation and psychoacoustic effects on the actual perceived noise on the ground is equally important for the same objective. For instance, optimizing the flight paths as a function of local weather conditions can significantly contribute to minimizing the impact of noise on communities, thus paving the way for the introduction of full-scale UAM operations. A more reliable and accurate modelling of noise ground signatures for both manned and unmanned low-flying aircraft will aid in identifying the real-time data stream requirements from distributed sensors on the ground. New developments in surrogate sound propagation models, more pervasive real-time sensor data, and suitable computing resources are expected to both yield more reliable and effective estimates of noise reaching the ground listeners and support a dynamic planning of flight paths.Rohan KapoorNicola KloetAlessandro GardiAbdulghani MohamedRoberto SabatiniMDPI AGarticlenoise modellingaeroacousticsunmanned aerial vehicleurban air mobilitydrone noiseMeteorology. ClimatologyQC851-999ENAtmosphere, Vol 12, Iss 1424, p 1424 (2021)
institution	DOAJ
collection	DOAJ
language	EN
topic	noise modelling aeroacoustics unmanned aerial vehicle urban air mobility drone noise Meteorology. Climatology QC851-999
spellingShingle	noise modelling aeroacoustics unmanned aerial vehicle urban air mobility drone noise Meteorology. Climatology QC851-999 Rohan Kapoor Nicola Kloet Alessandro Gardi Abdulghani Mohamed Roberto Sabatini Sound Propagation Modelling for Manned and Unmanned Aircraft Noise Assessment and Mitigation: A Review
description	This paper addresses one of the recognized barriers to the unrestricted adoption of Unmanned Aircraft (UA) in mainstream urban use—noise—and reviews existing approaches for estimating and mitigating this problem. The aircraft noise problem is discussed upfront in general terms by introducing the sound emission, propagation, and psychoacoustic effects. The propagation of sound in the atmosphere, which is the focus of this paper, is then analysed in detail to isolate the environmental and operational factors that predominantly influence the perceived noise on the ground, especially looking at large-scale low-altitude UA operations, such as in the envisioned Urban Air Mobility (UAM) concepts. The physics of sound propagation are presented, considering all attenuation effects and the anomalies due to Doppler and atmospheric effects, such as wind, thermal inversion, and turbulence. The analysis allows to highlight the limitations of current mainstream aircraft noise modelling and certification approaches and, in particular, their inadequacy in addressing the noise of UA and, more generally, UAM vehicles. This finding is important considering that, although reducing noise at the source has remained a priority for manufacturers to enable the scaling up of UAM and drone delivery operations in the near future, the impact of poorly considered propagation and psychoacoustic effects on the actual perceived noise on the ground is equally important for the same objective. For instance, optimizing the flight paths as a function of local weather conditions can significantly contribute to minimizing the impact of noise on communities, thus paving the way for the introduction of full-scale UAM operations. A more reliable and accurate modelling of noise ground signatures for both manned and unmanned low-flying aircraft will aid in identifying the real-time data stream requirements from distributed sensors on the ground. New developments in surrogate sound propagation models, more pervasive real-time sensor data, and suitable computing resources are expected to both yield more reliable and effective estimates of noise reaching the ground listeners and support a dynamic planning of flight paths.
format	article
author	Rohan Kapoor Nicola Kloet Alessandro Gardi Abdulghani Mohamed Roberto Sabatini
author_facet	Rohan Kapoor Nicola Kloet Alessandro Gardi Abdulghani Mohamed Roberto Sabatini
author_sort	Rohan Kapoor
title	Sound Propagation Modelling for Manned and Unmanned Aircraft Noise Assessment and Mitigation: A Review
title_short	Sound Propagation Modelling for Manned and Unmanned Aircraft Noise Assessment and Mitigation: A Review
title_full	Sound Propagation Modelling for Manned and Unmanned Aircraft Noise Assessment and Mitigation: A Review
title_fullStr	Sound Propagation Modelling for Manned and Unmanned Aircraft Noise Assessment and Mitigation: A Review
title_full_unstemmed	Sound Propagation Modelling for Manned and Unmanned Aircraft Noise Assessment and Mitigation: A Review
title_sort	sound propagation modelling for manned and unmanned aircraft noise assessment and mitigation: a review
publisher	MDPI AG
publishDate	2021
url	https://doaj.org/article/07c0fb0d154c4b36be24d17f66533ae2
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Sound Propagation Modelling for Manned and Unmanned Aircraft Noise Assessment and Mitigation: A Review

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