Vitamin E Delivery Systems Increase Resistance to Oxidative Stress in Red Deer Sperm Cells: Hydrogel and Nanoemulsion Carriers
Oxidative stress has become a major concern in the field of spermatology, and one of the possible solutions to this acute problem would be the use of antioxidant protection; however, more studies are required in this field, as highly contradictory results regarding the addition of antioxidants have...
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MDPI AG
2021
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oai:doaj.org-article:07c8214a7f534a9fb1cee948559c7c6b2021-11-25T16:28:27ZVitamin E Delivery Systems Increase Resistance to Oxidative Stress in Red Deer Sperm Cells: Hydrogel and Nanoemulsion Carriers10.3390/antiox101117802076-3921https://doaj.org/article/07c8214a7f534a9fb1cee948559c7c6b2021-11-01T00:00:00Zhttps://www.mdpi.com/2076-3921/10/11/1780https://doaj.org/toc/2076-3921Oxidative stress has become a major concern in the field of spermatology, and one of the possible solutions to this acute problem would be the use of antioxidant protection; however, more studies are required in this field, as highly contradictory results regarding the addition of antioxidants have been obtained. Vitamin E is a powerful biological antioxidant, but its low stability and high hydrophobicity limit its application in spermatology, making the use of organic solvents necessary, which renders spermatozoa practically motionless. Keeping this in mind, we propose the use of hydrogels (HVEs) and nanoemulsions (NVEs), alone or in combination, as carriers for the controlled release of vitamin E, thus, improving its solubility and stability and preventing oxidative stress in sperm cells. Cryopreserved sperm from six stags was thawed and extended to 30 × 10<sup>6</sup> sperm/mL in Bovine Gamete Medium (BGM). Once aliquoted, the samples were incubated as follows: control, free vitamin E (1 mM), NVEs (9 mM), HVEs (1 mM), and the combination of HVEs and NVEs (H + N), with or without induced oxidative stress (100 µM Fe<sup>2+</sup>/ascorbate). The different treatments were analyzed after 0, 2, 5, and 24 h of incubation at 37 °C. Motility (CASA<sup>®</sup>), viability (YO-PRO-1/IP), mitochondrial membrane potential (Mitotracker Deep Red 633), lipid peroxidation (C<sub>11</sub> BODIPY 581/591), intracellular reactive oxygen species production (CM-H<sub>2</sub>DCFDA), and DNA status (SCSA<sup>®</sup>) were assessed. Our results show that the deleterious effects of exogenous oxidative stress were prevented by the vitamin E-loaded carriers proposed, while the kinematic sperm parameters (<i>p</i> ˂ 0.05) and sperm viability were always preserved. Moreover, the vitamin E formulations maintained and preserved mitochondrial activity, prevented sperm lipid peroxidation, and decreased reactive oxygen species (ROS) production (<i>p</i> ˂ 0.05) under oxidative stress conditions. Vitamin E formulations were significantly different as regards the free vitamin E samples (<i>p</i> < 0.001), whose sperm kinematic parameters drastically decreased. This is the first time that vitamin E has been formulated as hydrogels. This new formulation could be highly relevant for sperm physiology preservation, signifying an excellent approach against sperm oxidative damage.Alejandro Jurado-CamposPedro Javier Soria-MenesesFrancisca Sánchez-RubioEnrique NizaIván BravoCarlos Alonso-MorenoMaría Arenas-MoreiraOlga García-ÁlvarezAna Josefa SolerJosé Julián GardeMaría del Rocío Fernández-SantosMDPI AGarticlehydrogelnanoemulsionsvitamin Esperm oxidative stressantioxidantTherapeutics. PharmacologyRM1-950ENAntioxidants, Vol 10, Iss 1780, p 1780 (2021) |
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hydrogel nanoemulsions vitamin E sperm oxidative stress antioxidant Therapeutics. Pharmacology RM1-950 |
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hydrogel nanoemulsions vitamin E sperm oxidative stress antioxidant Therapeutics. Pharmacology RM1-950 Alejandro Jurado-Campos Pedro Javier Soria-Meneses Francisca Sánchez-Rubio Enrique Niza Iván Bravo Carlos Alonso-Moreno María Arenas-Moreira Olga García-Álvarez Ana Josefa Soler José Julián Garde María del Rocío Fernández-Santos Vitamin E Delivery Systems Increase Resistance to Oxidative Stress in Red Deer Sperm Cells: Hydrogel and Nanoemulsion Carriers |
| description |
Oxidative stress has become a major concern in the field of spermatology, and one of the possible solutions to this acute problem would be the use of antioxidant protection; however, more studies are required in this field, as highly contradictory results regarding the addition of antioxidants have been obtained. Vitamin E is a powerful biological antioxidant, but its low stability and high hydrophobicity limit its application in spermatology, making the use of organic solvents necessary, which renders spermatozoa practically motionless. Keeping this in mind, we propose the use of hydrogels (HVEs) and nanoemulsions (NVEs), alone or in combination, as carriers for the controlled release of vitamin E, thus, improving its solubility and stability and preventing oxidative stress in sperm cells. Cryopreserved sperm from six stags was thawed and extended to 30 × 10<sup>6</sup> sperm/mL in Bovine Gamete Medium (BGM). Once aliquoted, the samples were incubated as follows: control, free vitamin E (1 mM), NVEs (9 mM), HVEs (1 mM), and the combination of HVEs and NVEs (H + N), with or without induced oxidative stress (100 µM Fe<sup>2+</sup>/ascorbate). The different treatments were analyzed after 0, 2, 5, and 24 h of incubation at 37 °C. Motility (CASA<sup>®</sup>), viability (YO-PRO-1/IP), mitochondrial membrane potential (Mitotracker Deep Red 633), lipid peroxidation (C<sub>11</sub> BODIPY 581/591), intracellular reactive oxygen species production (CM-H<sub>2</sub>DCFDA), and DNA status (SCSA<sup>®</sup>) were assessed. Our results show that the deleterious effects of exogenous oxidative stress were prevented by the vitamin E-loaded carriers proposed, while the kinematic sperm parameters (<i>p</i> ˂ 0.05) and sperm viability were always preserved. Moreover, the vitamin E formulations maintained and preserved mitochondrial activity, prevented sperm lipid peroxidation, and decreased reactive oxygen species (ROS) production (<i>p</i> ˂ 0.05) under oxidative stress conditions. Vitamin E formulations were significantly different as regards the free vitamin E samples (<i>p</i> < 0.001), whose sperm kinematic parameters drastically decreased. This is the first time that vitamin E has been formulated as hydrogels. This new formulation could be highly relevant for sperm physiology preservation, signifying an excellent approach against sperm oxidative damage. |
| format |
article |
| author |
Alejandro Jurado-Campos Pedro Javier Soria-Meneses Francisca Sánchez-Rubio Enrique Niza Iván Bravo Carlos Alonso-Moreno María Arenas-Moreira Olga García-Álvarez Ana Josefa Soler José Julián Garde María del Rocío Fernández-Santos |
| author_facet |
Alejandro Jurado-Campos Pedro Javier Soria-Meneses Francisca Sánchez-Rubio Enrique Niza Iván Bravo Carlos Alonso-Moreno María Arenas-Moreira Olga García-Álvarez Ana Josefa Soler José Julián Garde María del Rocío Fernández-Santos |
| author_sort |
Alejandro Jurado-Campos |
| title |
Vitamin E Delivery Systems Increase Resistance to Oxidative Stress in Red Deer Sperm Cells: Hydrogel and Nanoemulsion Carriers |
| title_short |
Vitamin E Delivery Systems Increase Resistance to Oxidative Stress in Red Deer Sperm Cells: Hydrogel and Nanoemulsion Carriers |
| title_full |
Vitamin E Delivery Systems Increase Resistance to Oxidative Stress in Red Deer Sperm Cells: Hydrogel and Nanoemulsion Carriers |
| title_fullStr |
Vitamin E Delivery Systems Increase Resistance to Oxidative Stress in Red Deer Sperm Cells: Hydrogel and Nanoemulsion Carriers |
| title_full_unstemmed |
Vitamin E Delivery Systems Increase Resistance to Oxidative Stress in Red Deer Sperm Cells: Hydrogel and Nanoemulsion Carriers |
| title_sort |
vitamin e delivery systems increase resistance to oxidative stress in red deer sperm cells: hydrogel and nanoemulsion carriers |
| publisher |
MDPI AG |
| publishDate |
2021 |
| url |
https://doaj.org/article/07c8214a7f534a9fb1cee948559c7c6b |
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