Wings and halteres act as coupled dual oscillators in flies

The mechanics of Dipteran thorax is dictated by a network of exoskeletal linkages that, when deformed by the flight muscles, generate coordinated wing movements. In Diptera, the forewings power flight, whereas the hindwings have evolved into specialized structures called halteres, which provide rapi...

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Autores principales:	Tanvi Deora, Siddharth S Sane, Sanjay P Sane
Formato:	article
Lenguaje:	EN
Publicado:	eLife Sciences Publications Ltd 2021
Materias:	coupled oscillator wing coordination Dipteran thorax wing damage haltere Medicine R Science Q Biology (General) QH301-705.5
Acceso en línea:	https://doaj.org/article/0803e6fe636045efa3a18edb95af159d
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spelling	oai:doaj.org-article:0803e6fe636045efa3a18edb95af159d2021-11-29T12:35:18ZWings and halteres act as coupled dual oscillators in flies10.7554/eLife.538242050-084Xe53824https://doaj.org/article/0803e6fe636045efa3a18edb95af159d2021-11-01T00:00:00Zhttps://elifesciences.org/articles/53824https://doaj.org/toc/2050-084XThe mechanics of Dipteran thorax is dictated by a network of exoskeletal linkages that, when deformed by the flight muscles, generate coordinated wing movements. In Diptera, the forewings power flight, whereas the hindwings have evolved into specialized structures called halteres, which provide rapid mechanosensory feedback for flight stabilization. Although actuated by independent muscles, wing and haltere motion is precisely phase-coordinated at high frequencies. Because wingbeat frequency is a product of wing-thorax resonance, any wear-and-tear of wings or thorax should impair flight ability. How robust is the Dipteran flight system against such perturbations? Here, we show that wings and halteres are independently driven, coupled oscillators. We systematically reduced the wing length in flies and observed how wing-haltere synchronization was affected. The wing-wing system is a strongly coupled oscillator, whereas the wing-haltere system is weakly coupled through mechanical linkages that synchronize phase and frequency. Wing-haltere link acts in a unidirectional manner; altering wingbeat frequency affects haltere frequency, but not vice versa. Exoskeletal linkages are thus key morphological features of the Dipteran thorax that ensure wing-haltere synchrony, despite severe wing damage.Tanvi DeoraSiddharth S SaneSanjay P SaneeLife Sciences Publications Ltdarticlecoupled oscillatorwing coordinationDipteran thoraxwing damagehaltereMedicineRScienceQBiology (General)QH301-705.5ENeLife, Vol 10 (2021)
institution	DOAJ
collection	DOAJ
language	EN
topic	coupled oscillator wing coordination Dipteran thorax wing damage haltere Medicine R Science Q Biology (General) QH301-705.5
spellingShingle	coupled oscillator wing coordination Dipteran thorax wing damage haltere Medicine R Science Q Biology (General) QH301-705.5 Tanvi Deora Siddharth S Sane Sanjay P Sane Wings and halteres act as coupled dual oscillators in flies
description	The mechanics of Dipteran thorax is dictated by a network of exoskeletal linkages that, when deformed by the flight muscles, generate coordinated wing movements. In Diptera, the forewings power flight, whereas the hindwings have evolved into specialized structures called halteres, which provide rapid mechanosensory feedback for flight stabilization. Although actuated by independent muscles, wing and haltere motion is precisely phase-coordinated at high frequencies. Because wingbeat frequency is a product of wing-thorax resonance, any wear-and-tear of wings or thorax should impair flight ability. How robust is the Dipteran flight system against such perturbations? Here, we show that wings and halteres are independently driven, coupled oscillators. We systematically reduced the wing length in flies and observed how wing-haltere synchronization was affected. The wing-wing system is a strongly coupled oscillator, whereas the wing-haltere system is weakly coupled through mechanical linkages that synchronize phase and frequency. Wing-haltere link acts in a unidirectional manner; altering wingbeat frequency affects haltere frequency, but not vice versa. Exoskeletal linkages are thus key morphological features of the Dipteran thorax that ensure wing-haltere synchrony, despite severe wing damage.
format	article
author	Tanvi Deora Siddharth S Sane Sanjay P Sane
author_facet	Tanvi Deora Siddharth S Sane Sanjay P Sane
author_sort	Tanvi Deora
title	Wings and halteres act as coupled dual oscillators in flies
title_short	Wings and halteres act as coupled dual oscillators in flies
title_full	Wings and halteres act as coupled dual oscillators in flies
title_fullStr	Wings and halteres act as coupled dual oscillators in flies
title_full_unstemmed	Wings and halteres act as coupled dual oscillators in flies
title_sort	wings and halteres act as coupled dual oscillators in flies
publisher	eLife Sciences Publications Ltd
publishDate	2021
url	https://doaj.org/article/0803e6fe636045efa3a18edb95af159d
work_keys_str_mv	AT tanvideora wingsandhalteresactascoupleddualoscillatorsinflies AT siddharthssane wingsandhalteresactascoupleddualoscillatorsinflies AT sanjaypsane wingsandhalteresactascoupleddualoscillatorsinflies
_version_	1718407325539106816

Wings and halteres act as coupled dual oscillators in flies

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