Wastewater based environmental surveillance of toxigenic Vibrio cholerae in Pakistan.

<h4>Background</h4>Pakistan has been experiencing intervals of sporadic cases and localized outbreaks in the last two decades. No proper study has been carried out in order to find out the environmental burden of toxigenic V. cholerae as well as how temporal and environmental factors ass...

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Autores principales:	Tanzeel Zohra, Aamer Ikram, Muhammad Salman, Afreenish Amir, Asim Saeed, Zurva Ashraf, Abdul Ahad
Formato:	article
Lenguaje:	EN
Publicado:	Public Library of Science (PLoS) 2021
Materias:	Medicine R Science Q
Acceso en línea:	https://doaj.org/article/087a8a2dafd7434889f7c4a13294972a
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spelling	oai:doaj.org-article:087a8a2dafd7434889f7c4a13294972a2021-12-02T20:06:06ZWastewater based environmental surveillance of toxigenic Vibrio cholerae in Pakistan.1932-620310.1371/journal.pone.0257414https://doaj.org/article/087a8a2dafd7434889f7c4a13294972a2021-01-01T00:00:00Zhttps://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0257414https://doaj.org/toc/1932-6203<h4>Background</h4>Pakistan has been experiencing intervals of sporadic cases and localized outbreaks in the last two decades. No proper study has been carried out in order to find out the environmental burden of toxigenic V. cholerae as well as how temporal and environmental factors associated in driving cholera across the country.<h4>Methods</h4>We tested waste water samples from designated national environment surveillance sites in Pakistan with RT-PCR assay. Multistage sampling technique were utilized for samples collection and for effective sample processing Bag-Mediated Filtration system, were employed. Results were analysed by district and month wise to understand the geographic distribution and identify the seasonal pattern of V. cholera detection in Pakistan.<h4>Results</h4>Between May 2019, and February 2020, we obtained and screened 160 samples in 12 districts across Pakistan. Out of 16 sentinel environmental surveillance sites, 15 sites showed positive results against cholera toxigenic gene with mostly lower CT value (mean, 34±2) and have significant difference (p < 0.05). The highest number of positive samples were collected from Sindh in month of November, then in June it is circulating in different districts of Pakistan including four Provinces respectively.<h4>Conclusion</h4>V. cholera detection do not follow a clear seasonal pattern. However, the poor sanitation problems or temperature and rainfall may potentially influence the frequency and duration of cholera across the country. Occurrence of toxigenic V. cholerae in the environment samples showed that cholera is endemic, which is an alarming for a potential future cholera outbreaks in the country.Tanzeel ZohraAamer IkramMuhammad SalmanAfreenish AmirAsim SaeedZurva AshrafAbdul AhadPublic Library of Science (PLoS)articleMedicineRScienceQENPLoS ONE, Vol 16, Iss 9, p e0257414 (2021)
institution	DOAJ
collection	DOAJ
language	EN
topic	Medicine R Science Q
spellingShingle	Medicine R Science Q Tanzeel Zohra Aamer Ikram Muhammad Salman Afreenish Amir Asim Saeed Zurva Ashraf Abdul Ahad Wastewater based environmental surveillance of toxigenic Vibrio cholerae in Pakistan.
description	<h4>Background</h4>Pakistan has been experiencing intervals of sporadic cases and localized outbreaks in the last two decades. No proper study has been carried out in order to find out the environmental burden of toxigenic V. cholerae as well as how temporal and environmental factors associated in driving cholera across the country.<h4>Methods</h4>We tested waste water samples from designated national environment surveillance sites in Pakistan with RT-PCR assay. Multistage sampling technique were utilized for samples collection and for effective sample processing Bag-Mediated Filtration system, were employed. Results were analysed by district and month wise to understand the geographic distribution and identify the seasonal pattern of V. cholera detection in Pakistan.<h4>Results</h4>Between May 2019, and February 2020, we obtained and screened 160 samples in 12 districts across Pakistan. Out of 16 sentinel environmental surveillance sites, 15 sites showed positive results against cholera toxigenic gene with mostly lower CT value (mean, 34±2) and have significant difference (p < 0.05). The highest number of positive samples were collected from Sindh in month of November, then in June it is circulating in different districts of Pakistan including four Provinces respectively.<h4>Conclusion</h4>V. cholera detection do not follow a clear seasonal pattern. However, the poor sanitation problems or temperature and rainfall may potentially influence the frequency and duration of cholera across the country. Occurrence of toxigenic V. cholerae in the environment samples showed that cholera is endemic, which is an alarming for a potential future cholera outbreaks in the country.
format	article
author	Tanzeel Zohra Aamer Ikram Muhammad Salman Afreenish Amir Asim Saeed Zurva Ashraf Abdul Ahad
author_facet	Tanzeel Zohra Aamer Ikram Muhammad Salman Afreenish Amir Asim Saeed Zurva Ashraf Abdul Ahad
author_sort	Tanzeel Zohra
title	Wastewater based environmental surveillance of toxigenic Vibrio cholerae in Pakistan.
title_short	Wastewater based environmental surveillance of toxigenic Vibrio cholerae in Pakistan.
title_full	Wastewater based environmental surveillance of toxigenic Vibrio cholerae in Pakistan.
title_fullStr	Wastewater based environmental surveillance of toxigenic Vibrio cholerae in Pakistan.
title_full_unstemmed	Wastewater based environmental surveillance of toxigenic Vibrio cholerae in Pakistan.
title_sort	wastewater based environmental surveillance of toxigenic vibrio cholerae in pakistan.
publisher	Public Library of Science (PLoS)
publishDate	2021
url	https://doaj.org/article/087a8a2dafd7434889f7c4a13294972a
work_keys_str_mv	AT tanzeelzohra wastewaterbasedenvironmentalsurveillanceoftoxigenicvibriocholeraeinpakistan AT aamerikram wastewaterbasedenvironmentalsurveillanceoftoxigenicvibriocholeraeinpakistan AT muhammadsalman wastewaterbasedenvironmentalsurveillanceoftoxigenicvibriocholeraeinpakistan AT afreenishamir wastewaterbasedenvironmentalsurveillanceoftoxigenicvibriocholeraeinpakistan AT asimsaeed wastewaterbasedenvironmentalsurveillanceoftoxigenicvibriocholeraeinpakistan AT zurvaashraf wastewaterbasedenvironmentalsurveillanceoftoxigenicvibriocholeraeinpakistan AT abdulahad wastewaterbasedenvironmentalsurveillanceoftoxigenicvibriocholeraeinpakistan
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Wastewater based environmental surveillance of toxigenic Vibrio cholerae in Pakistan.

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