Time after Time: Temporal Variation in the Effects of Grass and Forb Species on Soil Bacterial and Fungal Communities

ABSTRACT Microorganisms are found everywhere and have critical roles in most ecosystems, but compared to plants and animals, little is known about their temporal dynamics. Here, we investigated the temporal stability of bacterial and fungal communities in the soil and how their temporal variation va...

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Autores principales:	S. Emilia Hannula, Anna M. Kielak, Katja Steinauer, Martine Huberty, Renske Jongen, Jonathan R. De Long, Robin Heinen, T. Martijn Bezemer
Formato:	article
Lenguaje:	EN
Publicado:	American Society for Microbiology 2019
Materias:	environmental microbiology fungi plant-microbe interactions plant-soil feedback soil microbiology Microbiology QR1-502
Acceso en línea:	https://doaj.org/article/0889f6cddfb1482cbe643e0b10ab40f0
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spelling	oai:doaj.org-article:0889f6cddfb1482cbe643e0b10ab40f02021-11-15T15:54:46ZTime after Time: Temporal Variation in the Effects of Grass and Forb Species on Soil Bacterial and Fungal Communities10.1128/mBio.02635-192150-7511https://doaj.org/article/0889f6cddfb1482cbe643e0b10ab40f02019-12-01T00:00:00Zhttps://journals.asm.org/doi/10.1128/mBio.02635-19https://doaj.org/toc/2150-7511ABSTRACT Microorganisms are found everywhere and have critical roles in most ecosystems, but compared to plants and animals, little is known about their temporal dynamics. Here, we investigated the temporal stability of bacterial and fungal communities in the soil and how their temporal variation varies between grasses and forb species. We established 30 outdoor mesocosms consisting of six plant monocultures and followed microbial communities for an entire year in these soils. We demonstrate that bacterial communities vary greatly over time and that turnover plays an important role in shaping microbial communities. We further show that bacterial communities rapidly shift from one state to another and that this is related to changes in the relative contribution of certain taxa rather than to extinction. Fungal soil communities are more stable over time, and a large part of the variation can be explained by plant species and by whether they are grasses or forbs. Our findings show that the soil bacterial community is shaped by time, while plant group and plant species-specific effects drive soil fungal communities. This has important implications for plant-soil research and highlights that temporal dynamics of soil communities cannot be ignored in studies on plant-soil feedback and microbial community composition and function. IMPORTANCE Our findings highlight how soil fungal and bacterial communities respond to time, season, and plant species identity. We found that succession shapes the soil bacterial community, while plant species and the type of plant species that grows in the soil drive the assembly of soil fungal communities. Future research on the effects of plants on soil microbes should take into consideration the relative roles of both time and plant growth on creating soil legacies that impact future plants growing in the soil. Understanding the temporal (in)stability of microbial communities in soils will be crucial for predicting soil microbial composition and functioning, especially as plant species compositions will shift with global climatic changes and land-use alterations. As fungal and bacterial communities respond to different environmental cues, our study also highlights that the selection of study organisms to answer specific ecological questions is not trivial and that the timing of sampling can greatly affect the conclusions made from these studies.S. Emilia HannulaAnna M. KielakKatja SteinauerMartine HubertyRenske JongenJonathan R. De LongRobin HeinenT. Martijn BezemerAmerican Society for Microbiologyarticleenvironmental microbiologyfungiplant-microbe interactionsplant-soil feedbacksoil microbiologyMicrobiologyQR1-502ENmBio, Vol 10, Iss 6 (2019)
institution	DOAJ
collection	DOAJ
language	EN
topic	environmental microbiology fungi plant-microbe interactions plant-soil feedback soil microbiology Microbiology QR1-502
spellingShingle	environmental microbiology fungi plant-microbe interactions plant-soil feedback soil microbiology Microbiology QR1-502 S. Emilia Hannula Anna M. Kielak Katja Steinauer Martine Huberty Renske Jongen Jonathan R. De Long Robin Heinen T. Martijn Bezemer Time after Time: Temporal Variation in the Effects of Grass and Forb Species on Soil Bacterial and Fungal Communities
description	ABSTRACT Microorganisms are found everywhere and have critical roles in most ecosystems, but compared to plants and animals, little is known about their temporal dynamics. Here, we investigated the temporal stability of bacterial and fungal communities in the soil and how their temporal variation varies between grasses and forb species. We established 30 outdoor mesocosms consisting of six plant monocultures and followed microbial communities for an entire year in these soils. We demonstrate that bacterial communities vary greatly over time and that turnover plays an important role in shaping microbial communities. We further show that bacterial communities rapidly shift from one state to another and that this is related to changes in the relative contribution of certain taxa rather than to extinction. Fungal soil communities are more stable over time, and a large part of the variation can be explained by plant species and by whether they are grasses or forbs. Our findings show that the soil bacterial community is shaped by time, while plant group and plant species-specific effects drive soil fungal communities. This has important implications for plant-soil research and highlights that temporal dynamics of soil communities cannot be ignored in studies on plant-soil feedback and microbial community composition and function. IMPORTANCE Our findings highlight how soil fungal and bacterial communities respond to time, season, and plant species identity. We found that succession shapes the soil bacterial community, while plant species and the type of plant species that grows in the soil drive the assembly of soil fungal communities. Future research on the effects of plants on soil microbes should take into consideration the relative roles of both time and plant growth on creating soil legacies that impact future plants growing in the soil. Understanding the temporal (in)stability of microbial communities in soils will be crucial for predicting soil microbial composition and functioning, especially as plant species compositions will shift with global climatic changes and land-use alterations. As fungal and bacterial communities respond to different environmental cues, our study also highlights that the selection of study organisms to answer specific ecological questions is not trivial and that the timing of sampling can greatly affect the conclusions made from these studies.
format	article
author	S. Emilia Hannula Anna M. Kielak Katja Steinauer Martine Huberty Renske Jongen Jonathan R. De Long Robin Heinen T. Martijn Bezemer
author_facet	S. Emilia Hannula Anna M. Kielak Katja Steinauer Martine Huberty Renske Jongen Jonathan R. De Long Robin Heinen T. Martijn Bezemer
author_sort	S. Emilia Hannula
title	Time after Time: Temporal Variation in the Effects of Grass and Forb Species on Soil Bacterial and Fungal Communities
title_short	Time after Time: Temporal Variation in the Effects of Grass and Forb Species on Soil Bacterial and Fungal Communities
title_full	Time after Time: Temporal Variation in the Effects of Grass and Forb Species on Soil Bacterial and Fungal Communities
title_fullStr	Time after Time: Temporal Variation in the Effects of Grass and Forb Species on Soil Bacterial and Fungal Communities
title_full_unstemmed	Time after Time: Temporal Variation in the Effects of Grass and Forb Species on Soil Bacterial and Fungal Communities
title_sort	time after time: temporal variation in the effects of grass and forb species on soil bacterial and fungal communities
publisher	American Society for Microbiology
publishDate	2019
url	https://doaj.org/article/0889f6cddfb1482cbe643e0b10ab40f0
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Time after Time: Temporal Variation in the Effects of Grass and Forb Species on Soil Bacterial and Fungal Communities

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