Pollution Characteristics, Spatial Patterns, and Sources of Toxic Elements in Soils from a Typical Industrial City of Eastern China

Soil pollution due to toxic elements (TEs) has been a core environmental concern globally, particularly in areas with developed industries. In this study, we sampled 300 surface (0–0.2 m) soil samples from Yuyao City in eastern China. Initially, the geo-accumulation index, potential ecological risk...

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Autores principales:	Fang Xia, Youwei Zhu, Bifeng Hu, Xueyao Chen, Hongyi Li, Kejian Shi, Liuchang Xu
Formato:	article
Lenguaje:	EN
Publicado:	MDPI AG 2021
Materias:	soil toxic element pollution assessment US-EPA positive matrix factorization pollution probability policy recommendation Agriculture S
Acceso en línea:	https://doaj.org/article/08b24dcd4d844d3f8ec53f32feaafd63
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spelling	oai:doaj.org-article:08b24dcd4d844d3f8ec53f32feaafd632021-11-25T18:09:04ZPollution Characteristics, Spatial Patterns, and Sources of Toxic Elements in Soils from a Typical Industrial City of Eastern China10.3390/land101111262073-445Xhttps://doaj.org/article/08b24dcd4d844d3f8ec53f32feaafd632021-10-01T00:00:00Zhttps://www.mdpi.com/2073-445X/10/11/1126https://doaj.org/toc/2073-445XSoil pollution due to toxic elements (TEs) has been a core environmental concern globally, particularly in areas with developed industries. In this study, we sampled 300 surface (0–0.2 m) soil samples from Yuyao City in eastern China. Initially, the geo-accumulation index, potential ecological risk index, single pollution index, and Nemerow composite pollution index were used to evaluate the soil contamination status in Yuyao City. Ordinary kriging was then deployed to map the distribution of the soil TEs. Subsequently, indicator kriging was utilized to identify regions with high risk of TE pollution. Finally, the positive matrix factorization model was used to apportion the sources of the different TEs. Our results indicated that the mean content of different TEs kept the order: Zn > Cr > Pb > Cu > Ni > As > Hg ≈ Cd. Soil pollution was mainly caused by Cd and Hg in the soil of Yuyao City, while the content of other TEs was maintained at a safe level. Regions with high TE content and high pollution risk of TEs are mainly located in the central part of Yuyao City. Four sources of soil TEs were apportioned in Yuyao City. The Pb, Hg, and Zn contents in soil were mainly derived from traffic activities, coal combustion, and smelting. Meanwhile, Cu was mainly sourced from industrial emissions and atmospheric deposition, Cr and Ni mainly originated from soil parental materials, and Cd and As were produced by industrial and agricultural activities. Our study provides important implications for improving the soil environment and contributes to the development of efficient strategies for TE pollution control and remediation.Fang XiaYouwei ZhuBifeng HuXueyao ChenHongyi LiKejian ShiLiuchang XuMDPI AGarticlesoil toxic elementpollution assessmentUS-EPA positive matrix factorizationpollution probabilitypolicy recommendationAgricultureSENLand, Vol 10, Iss 1126, p 1126 (2021)
institution	DOAJ
collection	DOAJ
language	EN
topic	soil toxic element pollution assessment US-EPA positive matrix factorization pollution probability policy recommendation Agriculture S
spellingShingle	soil toxic element pollution assessment US-EPA positive matrix factorization pollution probability policy recommendation Agriculture S Fang Xia Youwei Zhu Bifeng Hu Xueyao Chen Hongyi Li Kejian Shi Liuchang Xu Pollution Characteristics, Spatial Patterns, and Sources of Toxic Elements in Soils from a Typical Industrial City of Eastern China
description	Soil pollution due to toxic elements (TEs) has been a core environmental concern globally, particularly in areas with developed industries. In this study, we sampled 300 surface (0–0.2 m) soil samples from Yuyao City in eastern China. Initially, the geo-accumulation index, potential ecological risk index, single pollution index, and Nemerow composite pollution index were used to evaluate the soil contamination status in Yuyao City. Ordinary kriging was then deployed to map the distribution of the soil TEs. Subsequently, indicator kriging was utilized to identify regions with high risk of TE pollution. Finally, the positive matrix factorization model was used to apportion the sources of the different TEs. Our results indicated that the mean content of different TEs kept the order: Zn > Cr > Pb > Cu > Ni > As > Hg ≈ Cd. Soil pollution was mainly caused by Cd and Hg in the soil of Yuyao City, while the content of other TEs was maintained at a safe level. Regions with high TE content and high pollution risk of TEs are mainly located in the central part of Yuyao City. Four sources of soil TEs were apportioned in Yuyao City. The Pb, Hg, and Zn contents in soil were mainly derived from traffic activities, coal combustion, and smelting. Meanwhile, Cu was mainly sourced from industrial emissions and atmospheric deposition, Cr and Ni mainly originated from soil parental materials, and Cd and As were produced by industrial and agricultural activities. Our study provides important implications for improving the soil environment and contributes to the development of efficient strategies for TE pollution control and remediation.
format	article
author	Fang Xia Youwei Zhu Bifeng Hu Xueyao Chen Hongyi Li Kejian Shi Liuchang Xu
author_facet	Fang Xia Youwei Zhu Bifeng Hu Xueyao Chen Hongyi Li Kejian Shi Liuchang Xu
author_sort	Fang Xia
title	Pollution Characteristics, Spatial Patterns, and Sources of Toxic Elements in Soils from a Typical Industrial City of Eastern China
title_short	Pollution Characteristics, Spatial Patterns, and Sources of Toxic Elements in Soils from a Typical Industrial City of Eastern China
title_full	Pollution Characteristics, Spatial Patterns, and Sources of Toxic Elements in Soils from a Typical Industrial City of Eastern China
title_fullStr	Pollution Characteristics, Spatial Patterns, and Sources of Toxic Elements in Soils from a Typical Industrial City of Eastern China
title_full_unstemmed	Pollution Characteristics, Spatial Patterns, and Sources of Toxic Elements in Soils from a Typical Industrial City of Eastern China
title_sort	pollution characteristics, spatial patterns, and sources of toxic elements in soils from a typical industrial city of eastern china
publisher	MDPI AG
publishDate	2021
url	https://doaj.org/article/08b24dcd4d844d3f8ec53f32feaafd63
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Pollution Characteristics, Spatial Patterns, and Sources of Toxic Elements in Soils from a Typical Industrial City of Eastern China

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