Evolution of phenotypic fluctuation under host-parasite interactions.

Robustness and plasticity are essential features that allow biological systems to cope with complex and variable environments. In a constant environment, robustness, i.e., insensitivity of phenotypes, is expected to increase, whereas plasticity, i.e., the changeability of phenotypes, tends to dimini...

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Autores principales:	Naoto Nishiura, Kunihiko Kaneko
Formato:	article
Lenguaje:	EN
Publicado:	Public Library of Science (PLoS) 2021
Materias:	Biology (General) QH301-705.5
Acceso en línea:	https://doaj.org/article/08b92870c13f4aaf8c2375cbfc68ba1d
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spelling	oai:doaj.org-article:08b92870c13f4aaf8c2375cbfc68ba1d2021-12-02T19:57:57ZEvolution of phenotypic fluctuation under host-parasite interactions.1553-734X1553-735810.1371/journal.pcbi.1008694https://doaj.org/article/08b92870c13f4aaf8c2375cbfc68ba1d2021-11-01T00:00:00Zhttps://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pcbi.1008694https://doaj.org/toc/1553-734Xhttps://doaj.org/toc/1553-7358Robustness and plasticity are essential features that allow biological systems to cope with complex and variable environments. In a constant environment, robustness, i.e., insensitivity of phenotypes, is expected to increase, whereas plasticity, i.e., the changeability of phenotypes, tends to diminish. Under a variable environment, existence of plasticity will be relevant. The robustness and plasticity, on the other hand, are related to phenotypic variances. As phenotypic variances decrease with the increase in robustness to perturbations, they are expected to decrease through the evolution. However, in nature, phenotypic fluctuation is preserved to a certain degree. One possible cause for this is environmental variation, where one of the most important "environmental" factors will be inter-species interactions. As a first step toward investigating phenotypic fluctuation in response to an inter-species interaction, we present the study of a simple two-species system that comprises hosts and parasites. Hosts are expected to evolve to achieve a phenotype that optimizes fitness. Then, the robustness of the corresponding phenotype will be increased by reducing phenotypic fluctuations. Conversely, plasticity tends to evolve to avoid certain phenotypes that are attacked by parasites. By using a dynamic model of gene expression for the host, we investigate the evolution of the genotype-phenotype map and of phenotypic variances. If the host-parasite interaction is weak, the fittest phenotype of the host evolves to reduce phenotypic variances. In contrast, if there exists a sufficient degree of interaction, the phenotypic variances of hosts increase to escape parasite attacks. For the latter case, we found two strategies: if the noise in the stochastic gene expression is below a certain threshold, the phenotypic variance increases via genetic diversification, whereas above this threshold, it is increased mediated by noise-induced phenotypic fluctuation. We examine how the increase in the phenotypic variances caused by parasite interactions influences the growth rate of a single host, and observed a trade-off between the two. Our results help elucidate the roles played by noise and genetic mutations in the evolution of phenotypic fluctuation and robustness in response to host-parasite interactions.Naoto NishiuraKunihiko KanekoPublic Library of Science (PLoS)articleBiology (General)QH301-705.5ENPLoS Computational Biology, Vol 17, Iss 11, p e1008694 (2021)
institution	DOAJ
collection	DOAJ
language	EN
topic	Biology (General) QH301-705.5
spellingShingle	Biology (General) QH301-705.5 Naoto Nishiura Kunihiko Kaneko Evolution of phenotypic fluctuation under host-parasite interactions.
description	Robustness and plasticity are essential features that allow biological systems to cope with complex and variable environments. In a constant environment, robustness, i.e., insensitivity of phenotypes, is expected to increase, whereas plasticity, i.e., the changeability of phenotypes, tends to diminish. Under a variable environment, existence of plasticity will be relevant. The robustness and plasticity, on the other hand, are related to phenotypic variances. As phenotypic variances decrease with the increase in robustness to perturbations, they are expected to decrease through the evolution. However, in nature, phenotypic fluctuation is preserved to a certain degree. One possible cause for this is environmental variation, where one of the most important "environmental" factors will be inter-species interactions. As a first step toward investigating phenotypic fluctuation in response to an inter-species interaction, we present the study of a simple two-species system that comprises hosts and parasites. Hosts are expected to evolve to achieve a phenotype that optimizes fitness. Then, the robustness of the corresponding phenotype will be increased by reducing phenotypic fluctuations. Conversely, plasticity tends to evolve to avoid certain phenotypes that are attacked by parasites. By using a dynamic model of gene expression for the host, we investigate the evolution of the genotype-phenotype map and of phenotypic variances. If the host-parasite interaction is weak, the fittest phenotype of the host evolves to reduce phenotypic variances. In contrast, if there exists a sufficient degree of interaction, the phenotypic variances of hosts increase to escape parasite attacks. For the latter case, we found two strategies: if the noise in the stochastic gene expression is below a certain threshold, the phenotypic variance increases via genetic diversification, whereas above this threshold, it is increased mediated by noise-induced phenotypic fluctuation. We examine how the increase in the phenotypic variances caused by parasite interactions influences the growth rate of a single host, and observed a trade-off between the two. Our results help elucidate the roles played by noise and genetic mutations in the evolution of phenotypic fluctuation and robustness in response to host-parasite interactions.
format	article
author	Naoto Nishiura Kunihiko Kaneko
author_facet	Naoto Nishiura Kunihiko Kaneko
author_sort	Naoto Nishiura
title	Evolution of phenotypic fluctuation under host-parasite interactions.
title_short	Evolution of phenotypic fluctuation under host-parasite interactions.
title_full	Evolution of phenotypic fluctuation under host-parasite interactions.
title_fullStr	Evolution of phenotypic fluctuation under host-parasite interactions.
title_full_unstemmed	Evolution of phenotypic fluctuation under host-parasite interactions.
title_sort	evolution of phenotypic fluctuation under host-parasite interactions.
publisher	Public Library of Science (PLoS)
publishDate	2021
url	https://doaj.org/article/08b92870c13f4aaf8c2375cbfc68ba1d
work_keys_str_mv	AT naotonishiura evolutionofphenotypicfluctuationunderhostparasiteinteractions AT kunihikokaneko evolutionofphenotypicfluctuationunderhostparasiteinteractions
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Evolution of phenotypic fluctuation under host-parasite interactions.

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