Nanoparticle-Based Drug Delivery Systems for Photodynamic Therapy of Metastatic Melanoma: A Review

Metastatic melanoma (MM) is a skin malignancy arising from melanocytes, the incidence of which has been rising in recent years. It poses therapeutic challenges due to its resistance to chemotherapeutic drugs and radiation therapy. Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is an alternative non-invasive modality th...

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Autores principales:	Nkune Williams Nkune, Heidi Abrahamse
Formato:	article
Lenguaje:	EN
Publicado:	MDPI AG 2021
Materias:	metastatic melanoma photodynamic therapy passive or active targeted delivery PS nanoparticle-mediated platforms three-dimensional (3-D) cell cultures Biology (General) QH301-705.5 Chemistry QD1-999
Acceso en línea:	https://doaj.org/article/08b9b6bb4d8542df827041990d776da7
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spelling	oai:doaj.org-article:08b9b6bb4d8542df827041990d776da72021-11-25T17:57:43ZNanoparticle-Based Drug Delivery Systems for Photodynamic Therapy of Metastatic Melanoma: A Review10.3390/ijms2222125491422-00671661-6596https://doaj.org/article/08b9b6bb4d8542df827041990d776da72021-11-01T00:00:00Zhttps://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/22/22/12549https://doaj.org/toc/1661-6596https://doaj.org/toc/1422-0067Metastatic melanoma (MM) is a skin malignancy arising from melanocytes, the incidence of which has been rising in recent years. It poses therapeutic challenges due to its resistance to chemotherapeutic drugs and radiation therapy. Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is an alternative non-invasive modality that requires a photosensitizer (PS), specific wavelength of light, and molecular oxygen. Several studies using conventional PSs have highlighted the need for improved PSs for PDT applications to achieve desired therapeutic outcomes. The incorporation of nanoparticles (NPs) and targeting moieties in PDT have appeared as a promising strategy to circumvent various drawbacks associated with non-specific toxicity, poor water solubility, and low bioavailability of the PSs at targeted tissues. Currently, most studies investigating new developments rely on two-dimensional (2-D) monocultures, which fail to accurately mimic tissue complexity. Therefore, three-dimensional (3-D) cell cultures are ideal models to resemble tumor tissue in terms of architectural and functional properties. This review examines various PS drugs, as well as passive and active targeted PS nanoparticle-mediated platforms for PDT treatment of MM on 2-D and 3-D models. The overall findings of this review concluded that very few PDT studies have been conducted within 3-D models using active PS nanoparticle-mediated platforms, and so require further investigation.Nkune Williams NkuneHeidi AbrahamseMDPI AGarticlemetastatic melanomaphotodynamic therapypassive or active targeted deliveryPS nanoparticle-mediated platformsthree-dimensional (3-D) cell culturesBiology (General)QH301-705.5ChemistryQD1-999ENInternational Journal of Molecular Sciences, Vol 22, Iss 12549, p 12549 (2021)
institution	DOAJ
collection	DOAJ
language	EN
topic	metastatic melanoma photodynamic therapy passive or active targeted delivery PS nanoparticle-mediated platforms three-dimensional (3-D) cell cultures Biology (General) QH301-705.5 Chemistry QD1-999
spellingShingle	metastatic melanoma photodynamic therapy passive or active targeted delivery PS nanoparticle-mediated platforms three-dimensional (3-D) cell cultures Biology (General) QH301-705.5 Chemistry QD1-999 Nkune Williams Nkune Heidi Abrahamse Nanoparticle-Based Drug Delivery Systems for Photodynamic Therapy of Metastatic Melanoma: A Review
description	Metastatic melanoma (MM) is a skin malignancy arising from melanocytes, the incidence of which has been rising in recent years. It poses therapeutic challenges due to its resistance to chemotherapeutic drugs and radiation therapy. Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is an alternative non-invasive modality that requires a photosensitizer (PS), specific wavelength of light, and molecular oxygen. Several studies using conventional PSs have highlighted the need for improved PSs for PDT applications to achieve desired therapeutic outcomes. The incorporation of nanoparticles (NPs) and targeting moieties in PDT have appeared as a promising strategy to circumvent various drawbacks associated with non-specific toxicity, poor water solubility, and low bioavailability of the PSs at targeted tissues. Currently, most studies investigating new developments rely on two-dimensional (2-D) monocultures, which fail to accurately mimic tissue complexity. Therefore, three-dimensional (3-D) cell cultures are ideal models to resemble tumor tissue in terms of architectural and functional properties. This review examines various PS drugs, as well as passive and active targeted PS nanoparticle-mediated platforms for PDT treatment of MM on 2-D and 3-D models. The overall findings of this review concluded that very few PDT studies have been conducted within 3-D models using active PS nanoparticle-mediated platforms, and so require further investigation.
format	article
author	Nkune Williams Nkune Heidi Abrahamse
author_facet	Nkune Williams Nkune Heidi Abrahamse
author_sort	Nkune Williams Nkune
title	Nanoparticle-Based Drug Delivery Systems for Photodynamic Therapy of Metastatic Melanoma: A Review
title_short	Nanoparticle-Based Drug Delivery Systems for Photodynamic Therapy of Metastatic Melanoma: A Review
title_full	Nanoparticle-Based Drug Delivery Systems for Photodynamic Therapy of Metastatic Melanoma: A Review
title_fullStr	Nanoparticle-Based Drug Delivery Systems for Photodynamic Therapy of Metastatic Melanoma: A Review
title_full_unstemmed	Nanoparticle-Based Drug Delivery Systems for Photodynamic Therapy of Metastatic Melanoma: A Review
title_sort	nanoparticle-based drug delivery systems for photodynamic therapy of metastatic melanoma: a review
publisher	MDPI AG
publishDate	2021
url	https://doaj.org/article/08b9b6bb4d8542df827041990d776da7
work_keys_str_mv	AT nkunewilliamsnkune nanoparticlebaseddrugdeliverysystemsforphotodynamictherapyofmetastaticmelanomaareview AT heidiabrahamse nanoparticlebaseddrugdeliverysystemsforphotodynamictherapyofmetastaticmelanomaareview
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Nanoparticle-Based Drug Delivery Systems for Photodynamic Therapy of Metastatic Melanoma: A Review

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