The Known Antimammalian and Insecticidal Alkaloids Are Not Responsible for the Antifungal Activity of <i>Epichloë</i> Endophytes

Asexual <i>Epichloë</i> sp. endophytes in association with pasture grasses produce agronomically important alkaloids (e.g., lolitrem B, epoxy-janthitrems, ergovaline, peramine, and lolines) that exhibit toxicity to grazing mammals and/or insect pests. Novel strains are primarily characte...

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Autores principales:	Krishni Fernando, Priyanka Reddy, Simone Vassiliadis, German C. Spangenberg, Simone J. Rochfort, Kathryn M. Guthridge
Formato:	article
Lenguaje:	EN
Publicado:	MDPI AG 2021
Materias:	<i>Epichloë</i> sp. endophytes pasture protection turf disease control alkaloids antifungal activity Botany QK1-989
Acceso en línea:	https://doaj.org/article/08ce1ebce9054110b781679842f0468b
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spelling	oai:doaj.org-article:08ce1ebce9054110b781679842f0468b2021-11-25T18:46:59ZThe Known Antimammalian and Insecticidal Alkaloids Are Not Responsible for the Antifungal Activity of <i>Epichloë</i> Endophytes10.3390/plants101124862223-7747https://doaj.org/article/08ce1ebce9054110b781679842f0468b2021-11-01T00:00:00Zhttps://www.mdpi.com/2223-7747/10/11/2486https://doaj.org/toc/2223-7747Asexual <i>Epichloë</i> sp. endophytes in association with pasture grasses produce agronomically important alkaloids (e.g., lolitrem B, epoxy-janthitrems, ergovaline, peramine, and lolines) that exhibit toxicity to grazing mammals and/or insect pests. Novel strains are primarily characterised for the presence of these compounds to ensure they are beneficial in an agronomical setting. Previous work identified endophyte strains that exhibit enhanced antifungal activity, which have the potential to improve pasture and turf quality as well as animal welfare through phytopathogen disease control. The contribution of endophyte-derived alkaloids to improving pasture and turf grass disease resistance has not been closely examined. To assess antifungal bioactivity, nine <i>Epichloë</i> related compounds, namely peramine hemisulfate, <i>n</i>-formylloline-d3, <i>n</i>-acetylloline hydrochloride, lolitrem B, janthitrem A, paxilline, terpendole E, terpendole C, and ergovaline, and four <i>Claviceps purpurea</i> ergot alkaloids, namely ergotamine, ergocornine, ergocryptine, and ergotaminine, were tested at concentrations higher than observed in planta in glasshouse and field settings using in vitro agar well diffusion assays against three common pasture and turf phytopathogens, namely <i>Ceratobasidium</i> sp., <i>Drechslera</i> sp., and <i>Fusarium</i> sp. Visual characterisation of bioactivity using pathogen growth area, mycelial density, and direction of growth indicated no inhibition of pathogen growth. This was confirmed by statistical analysis. The compounds responsible for antifungal bioactivity of <i>Epichloë</i> endophytes hence remain unknown and require further investigation.Krishni FernandoPriyanka ReddySimone VassiliadisGerman C. SpangenbergSimone J. RochfortKathryn M. GuthridgeMDPI AGarticle<i>Epichloë</i> sp. endophytespasture protectionturfdisease controlalkaloidsantifungal activityBotanyQK1-989ENPlants, Vol 10, Iss 2486, p 2486 (2021)
institution	DOAJ
collection	DOAJ
language	EN
topic	<i>Epichloë</i> sp. endophytes pasture protection turf disease control alkaloids antifungal activity Botany QK1-989
spellingShingle	<i>Epichloë</i> sp. endophytes pasture protection turf disease control alkaloids antifungal activity Botany QK1-989 Krishni Fernando Priyanka Reddy Simone Vassiliadis German C. Spangenberg Simone J. Rochfort Kathryn M. Guthridge The Known Antimammalian and Insecticidal Alkaloids Are Not Responsible for the Antifungal Activity of <i>Epichloë</i> Endophytes
description	Asexual <i>Epichloë</i> sp. endophytes in association with pasture grasses produce agronomically important alkaloids (e.g., lolitrem B, epoxy-janthitrems, ergovaline, peramine, and lolines) that exhibit toxicity to grazing mammals and/or insect pests. Novel strains are primarily characterised for the presence of these compounds to ensure they are beneficial in an agronomical setting. Previous work identified endophyte strains that exhibit enhanced antifungal activity, which have the potential to improve pasture and turf quality as well as animal welfare through phytopathogen disease control. The contribution of endophyte-derived alkaloids to improving pasture and turf grass disease resistance has not been closely examined. To assess antifungal bioactivity, nine <i>Epichloë</i> related compounds, namely peramine hemisulfate, <i>n</i>-formylloline-d3, <i>n</i>-acetylloline hydrochloride, lolitrem B, janthitrem A, paxilline, terpendole E, terpendole C, and ergovaline, and four <i>Claviceps purpurea</i> ergot alkaloids, namely ergotamine, ergocornine, ergocryptine, and ergotaminine, were tested at concentrations higher than observed in planta in glasshouse and field settings using in vitro agar well diffusion assays against three common pasture and turf phytopathogens, namely <i>Ceratobasidium</i> sp., <i>Drechslera</i> sp., and <i>Fusarium</i> sp. Visual characterisation of bioactivity using pathogen growth area, mycelial density, and direction of growth indicated no inhibition of pathogen growth. This was confirmed by statistical analysis. The compounds responsible for antifungal bioactivity of <i>Epichloë</i> endophytes hence remain unknown and require further investigation.
format	article
author	Krishni Fernando Priyanka Reddy Simone Vassiliadis German C. Spangenberg Simone J. Rochfort Kathryn M. Guthridge
author_facet	Krishni Fernando Priyanka Reddy Simone Vassiliadis German C. Spangenberg Simone J. Rochfort Kathryn M. Guthridge
author_sort	Krishni Fernando
title	The Known Antimammalian and Insecticidal Alkaloids Are Not Responsible for the Antifungal Activity of <i>Epichloë</i> Endophytes
title_short	The Known Antimammalian and Insecticidal Alkaloids Are Not Responsible for the Antifungal Activity of <i>Epichloë</i> Endophytes
title_full	The Known Antimammalian and Insecticidal Alkaloids Are Not Responsible for the Antifungal Activity of <i>Epichloë</i> Endophytes
title_fullStr	The Known Antimammalian and Insecticidal Alkaloids Are Not Responsible for the Antifungal Activity of <i>Epichloë</i> Endophytes
title_full_unstemmed	The Known Antimammalian and Insecticidal Alkaloids Are Not Responsible for the Antifungal Activity of <i>Epichloë</i> Endophytes
title_sort	known antimammalian and insecticidal alkaloids are not responsible for the antifungal activity of <i>epichloë</i> endophytes
publisher	MDPI AG
publishDate	2021
url	https://doaj.org/article/08ce1ebce9054110b781679842f0468b
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The Known Antimammalian and Insecticidal Alkaloids Are Not Responsible for the Antifungal Activity of <i>Epichloë</i> Endophytes

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