Dread and the disvalue of future pain.

Standard theories of decision-making involving delayed outcomes predict that people should defer a punishment, whilst advancing a reward. In some cases, such as pain, people seem to prefer to expedite punishment, implying that its anticipation carries a cost, often conceptualized as 'dread'...

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Autores principales:	Giles W Story, Ivaylo Vlaev, Ben Seymour, Joel S Winston, Ara Darzi, Raymond J Dolan
Formato:	article
Lenguaje:	EN
Publicado:	Public Library of Science (PLoS) 2013
Materias:	Biology (General) QH301-705.5
Acceso en línea:	https://doaj.org/article/09021b41bc824f769a0286fe804e8933
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spelling	oai:doaj.org-article:09021b41bc824f769a0286fe804e89332021-11-18T05:53:22ZDread and the disvalue of future pain.1553-734X1553-735810.1371/journal.pcbi.1003335https://doaj.org/article/09021b41bc824f769a0286fe804e89332013-01-01T00:00:00Zhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/pmid/24277999/pdf/?tool=EBIhttps://doaj.org/toc/1553-734Xhttps://doaj.org/toc/1553-7358Standard theories of decision-making involving delayed outcomes predict that people should defer a punishment, whilst advancing a reward. In some cases, such as pain, people seem to prefer to expedite punishment, implying that its anticipation carries a cost, often conceptualized as 'dread'. Despite empirical support for the existence of dread, whether and how it depends on prospective delay is unknown. Furthermore, it is unclear whether dread represents a stable component of value, or is modulated by biases such as framing effects. Here, we examine choices made between different numbers of painful shocks to be delivered faithfully at different time points up to 15 minutes in the future, as well as choices between hypothetical painful dental appointments at time points of up to approximately eight months in the future, to test alternative models for how future pain is disvalued. We show that future pain initially becomes increasingly aversive with increasing delay, but does so at a decreasing rate. This is consistent with a value model in which moment-by-moment dread increases up to the time of expected pain, such that dread becomes equivalent to the discounted expectation of pain. For a minority of individuals pain has maximum negative value at intermediate delay, suggesting that the dread function may itself be prospectively discounted in time. Framing an outcome as relief reduces the overall preference to expedite pain, which can be parameterized by reducing the rate of the dread-discounting function. Our data support an account of disvaluation for primary punishments such as pain, which differs fundamentally from existing models applied to financial punishments, in which dread exerts a powerful but time-dependent influence over choice.Giles W StoryIvaylo VlaevBen SeymourJoel S WinstonAra DarziRaymond J DolanPublic Library of Science (PLoS)articleBiology (General)QH301-705.5ENPLoS Computational Biology, Vol 9, Iss 11, p e1003335 (2013)
institution	DOAJ
collection	DOAJ
language	EN
topic	Biology (General) QH301-705.5
spellingShingle	Biology (General) QH301-705.5 Giles W Story Ivaylo Vlaev Ben Seymour Joel S Winston Ara Darzi Raymond J Dolan Dread and the disvalue of future pain.
description	Standard theories of decision-making involving delayed outcomes predict that people should defer a punishment, whilst advancing a reward. In some cases, such as pain, people seem to prefer to expedite punishment, implying that its anticipation carries a cost, often conceptualized as 'dread'. Despite empirical support for the existence of dread, whether and how it depends on prospective delay is unknown. Furthermore, it is unclear whether dread represents a stable component of value, or is modulated by biases such as framing effects. Here, we examine choices made between different numbers of painful shocks to be delivered faithfully at different time points up to 15 minutes in the future, as well as choices between hypothetical painful dental appointments at time points of up to approximately eight months in the future, to test alternative models for how future pain is disvalued. We show that future pain initially becomes increasingly aversive with increasing delay, but does so at a decreasing rate. This is consistent with a value model in which moment-by-moment dread increases up to the time of expected pain, such that dread becomes equivalent to the discounted expectation of pain. For a minority of individuals pain has maximum negative value at intermediate delay, suggesting that the dread function may itself be prospectively discounted in time. Framing an outcome as relief reduces the overall preference to expedite pain, which can be parameterized by reducing the rate of the dread-discounting function. Our data support an account of disvaluation for primary punishments such as pain, which differs fundamentally from existing models applied to financial punishments, in which dread exerts a powerful but time-dependent influence over choice.
format	article
author	Giles W Story Ivaylo Vlaev Ben Seymour Joel S Winston Ara Darzi Raymond J Dolan
author_facet	Giles W Story Ivaylo Vlaev Ben Seymour Joel S Winston Ara Darzi Raymond J Dolan
author_sort	Giles W Story
title	Dread and the disvalue of future pain.
title_short	Dread and the disvalue of future pain.
title_full	Dread and the disvalue of future pain.
title_fullStr	Dread and the disvalue of future pain.
title_full_unstemmed	Dread and the disvalue of future pain.
title_sort	dread and the disvalue of future pain.
publisher	Public Library of Science (PLoS)
publishDate	2013
url	https://doaj.org/article/09021b41bc824f769a0286fe804e8933
work_keys_str_mv	AT gileswstory dreadandthedisvalueoffuturepain AT ivaylovlaev dreadandthedisvalueoffuturepain AT benseymour dreadandthedisvalueoffuturepain AT joelswinston dreadandthedisvalueoffuturepain AT aradarzi dreadandthedisvalueoffuturepain AT raymondjdolan dreadandthedisvalueoffuturepain
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Dread and the disvalue of future pain.

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