Lamb Wave Based Structural Damage Detection Using Stationarity Tests

Lamb waves have been widely used for structural damage detection. However, practical applications of this technique are still limited. One of the main reasons is due to the complexity of Lamb wave propagation modes. Therefore, instead of directly analysing and interpreting Lamb wave propagation mode...

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Autores principales:	Phong B. Dao, Wieslaw J. Staszewski
Formato:	article
Lenguaje:	EN
Publicado:	MDPI AG 2021
Materias:	structural health monitoring integrated piezoceramic transducers Lamb waves temperature variations stationarity and nonstationarity stationarity test Technology T Electrical engineering. Electronics. Nuclear engineering TK1-9971 Engineering (General). Civil engineering (General) TA1-2040 Microscopy QH201-278.5 Descriptive and experimental mechanics QC120-168.85
Acceso en línea:	https://doaj.org/article/093cec34bf334579996e81b31a30a16a
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spelling	oai:doaj.org-article:093cec34bf334579996e81b31a30a16a2021-11-25T18:13:54ZLamb Wave Based Structural Damage Detection Using Stationarity Tests10.3390/ma142268231996-1944https://doaj.org/article/093cec34bf334579996e81b31a30a16a2021-11-01T00:00:00Zhttps://www.mdpi.com/1996-1944/14/22/6823https://doaj.org/toc/1996-1944Lamb waves have been widely used for structural damage detection. However, practical applications of this technique are still limited. One of the main reasons is due to the complexity of Lamb wave propagation modes. Therefore, instead of directly analysing and interpreting Lamb wave propagation modes for information about health conditions of the structure, this study has proposed another approach that is based on statistical analyses of the stationarity of Lamb waves. The method is validated by using Lamb wave data from intact and damaged aluminium plates exposed to temperature variations. Four popular unit root testing methods, including Augmented Dickey–Fuller (ADF) test, Kwiatkowski–Phillips–Schmidt–Shin (KPSS) test, Phillips–Perron (PP) test, and Leybourne–McCabe (LM) test, have been investigated and compared in order to understand and make statistical inference about the stationarity of Lamb wave data before and after hole damages are introduced to the aluminium plate. The separation between t-statistic features, obtained from the unit root tests on Lamb wave data, is used for damage detection. The results show that both ADF test and KPSS test can detect damage, while both PP and LM tests were not significant for identifying damage. Moreover, the ADF test was more stable with respect to temperature changes than the KPSS test. However, the KPSS test can detect damage better than the ADF test. Moreover, both KPSS and ADF tests can consistently detect damages in conditions where temperatures vary below 60 °C. However, their t-statistics fluctuate more (or less homogeneous) for temperatures higher than 65 °C. This suggests that both ADF and KPSS tests should be used together for Lamb wave based structural damage detection. The proposed stationarity-based approach is motivated by its simplicity and efficiency. Since the method is based on the concept of stationarity of a time series, it can find applications not only in Lamb wave based SHM but also in condition monitoring and fault diagnosis of industrial systems.Phong B. DaoWieslaw J. StaszewskiMDPI AGarticlestructural health monitoringintegrated piezoceramic transducersLamb wavestemperature variationsstationarity and nonstationaritystationarity testTechnologyTElectrical engineering. Electronics. Nuclear engineeringTK1-9971Engineering (General). Civil engineering (General)TA1-2040MicroscopyQH201-278.5Descriptive and experimental mechanicsQC120-168.85ENMaterials, Vol 14, Iss 6823, p 6823 (2021)
institution	DOAJ
collection	DOAJ
language	EN
topic	structural health monitoring integrated piezoceramic transducers Lamb waves temperature variations stationarity and nonstationarity stationarity test Technology T Electrical engineering. Electronics. Nuclear engineering TK1-9971 Engineering (General). Civil engineering (General) TA1-2040 Microscopy QH201-278.5 Descriptive and experimental mechanics QC120-168.85
spellingShingle	structural health monitoring integrated piezoceramic transducers Lamb waves temperature variations stationarity and nonstationarity stationarity test Technology T Electrical engineering. Electronics. Nuclear engineering TK1-9971 Engineering (General). Civil engineering (General) TA1-2040 Microscopy QH201-278.5 Descriptive and experimental mechanics QC120-168.85 Phong B. Dao Wieslaw J. Staszewski Lamb Wave Based Structural Damage Detection Using Stationarity Tests
description	Lamb waves have been widely used for structural damage detection. However, practical applications of this technique are still limited. One of the main reasons is due to the complexity of Lamb wave propagation modes. Therefore, instead of directly analysing and interpreting Lamb wave propagation modes for information about health conditions of the structure, this study has proposed another approach that is based on statistical analyses of the stationarity of Lamb waves. The method is validated by using Lamb wave data from intact and damaged aluminium plates exposed to temperature variations. Four popular unit root testing methods, including Augmented Dickey–Fuller (ADF) test, Kwiatkowski–Phillips–Schmidt–Shin (KPSS) test, Phillips–Perron (PP) test, and Leybourne–McCabe (LM) test, have been investigated and compared in order to understand and make statistical inference about the stationarity of Lamb wave data before and after hole damages are introduced to the aluminium plate. The separation between t-statistic features, obtained from the unit root tests on Lamb wave data, is used for damage detection. The results show that both ADF test and KPSS test can detect damage, while both PP and LM tests were not significant for identifying damage. Moreover, the ADF test was more stable with respect to temperature changes than the KPSS test. However, the KPSS test can detect damage better than the ADF test. Moreover, both KPSS and ADF tests can consistently detect damages in conditions where temperatures vary below 60 °C. However, their t-statistics fluctuate more (or less homogeneous) for temperatures higher than 65 °C. This suggests that both ADF and KPSS tests should be used together for Lamb wave based structural damage detection. The proposed stationarity-based approach is motivated by its simplicity and efficiency. Since the method is based on the concept of stationarity of a time series, it can find applications not only in Lamb wave based SHM but also in condition monitoring and fault diagnosis of industrial systems.
format	article
author	Phong B. Dao Wieslaw J. Staszewski
author_facet	Phong B. Dao Wieslaw J. Staszewski
author_sort	Phong B. Dao
title	Lamb Wave Based Structural Damage Detection Using Stationarity Tests
title_short	Lamb Wave Based Structural Damage Detection Using Stationarity Tests
title_full	Lamb Wave Based Structural Damage Detection Using Stationarity Tests
title_fullStr	Lamb Wave Based Structural Damage Detection Using Stationarity Tests
title_full_unstemmed	Lamb Wave Based Structural Damage Detection Using Stationarity Tests
title_sort	lamb wave based structural damage detection using stationarity tests
publisher	MDPI AG
publishDate	2021
url	https://doaj.org/article/093cec34bf334579996e81b31a30a16a
work_keys_str_mv	AT phongbdao lambwavebasedstructuraldamagedetectionusingstationaritytests AT wieslawjstaszewski lambwavebasedstructuraldamagedetectionusingstationaritytests
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Lamb Wave Based Structural Damage Detection Using Stationarity Tests

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