Survival and growth of saprotrophic and mycorrhizal fungi in recalcitrant amine, amide and ammonium containing media.

The elimination of hazardous compounds in chemical wastes can be a complex and technically demanding task. In the search for environmental-friendly technologies, fungal mediated remediation and removal procedures are of concern. In this study, we investigated whether there are fungal species that ca...

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Autores principales:	Åke Stenholm, Anders Backlund, Sara Holmström, Maria Backlund, Mikael Hedeland, Petra Fransson
Formato:	article
Lenguaje:	EN
Publicado:	Public Library of Science (PLoS) 2021
Materias:	Medicine R Science Q
Acceso en línea:	https://doaj.org/article/0addfb585f514c54a0085ecfc364e0b8
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spelling	oai:doaj.org-article:0addfb585f514c54a0085ecfc364e0b82021-12-02T20:06:21ZSurvival and growth of saprotrophic and mycorrhizal fungi in recalcitrant amine, amide and ammonium containing media.1932-620310.1371/journal.pone.0244910https://doaj.org/article/0addfb585f514c54a0085ecfc364e0b82021-01-01T00:00:00Zhttps://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0244910https://doaj.org/toc/1932-6203The elimination of hazardous compounds in chemical wastes can be a complex and technically demanding task. In the search for environmental-friendly technologies, fungal mediated remediation and removal procedures are of concern. In this study, we investigated whether there are fungal species that can survive and grow on solely amine-containing compounds. One compound containing a primary amine group; 2-diethylaminoethanol, one compound with a primary amide group; 2,6-dichlorobenzamide (BAM), and a third compound containing a quaternary ammonium group; N3-trimethyl(2-oxiranyl)methanaminium chloride, were selected. The choice of these compounds was motivated by their excessive use in large scale manufacturing of protein separation media (2-diethylaminoethanol and the quaternary amine). 2,6-dichlorobenzamide, the degradation product of the herbicide 2,6-dichlorobenzonitrile (dichlobenil), was chosen since it is an extremely recalcitrant compound. Utilising part of the large fungal diversity in Northern European forests, a screening study using 48 fungal isolates from 42 fungal species, including saprotrophic and mycorrhizal fungi, was performed to test for growth responses to the chosen compounds. The ericoid (ERM) mycorrhizal fungus Rhizoscyphus ericae showed the best overall growth on 2-diethylaminoethanol and BAM in the 1-20 g L-1 concentration range, with a 35-fold and 4.5-fold increase in biomass, respectively. For N3-trimethyl(2-oxiranyl)methanaminium chloride, the peak growth occurred at 1 g L-1. In a second experiment, including three of the most promising fungi (Laccaria laccata, Hygrophorus camarophyllus and Rhizoscyphus ericae) from the screening experiment, a simulated process water containing 1.9% (w/v) 2-diethylaminoethanol and 0.8% (w/v) N3-trimethyl(2-oxiranyl)methanaminium chloride was used. Laccaria laccata showed the best biomass increase (380%) relative to a control, while the accumulation for Rhizoscyphus ericae and Hygrophorus camarophyllus were 292% and 136% respectively, indicating that mycorrhizal fungi can use amine- and amide-containing substrates as nutrients. These results show the potential of certain fungal species to be used in alternative green wastewater treatment procedures.Åke StenholmAnders BacklundSara HolmströmMaria BacklundMikael HedelandPetra FranssonPublic Library of Science (PLoS)articleMedicineRScienceQENPLoS ONE, Vol 16, Iss 9, p e0244910 (2021)
institution	DOAJ
collection	DOAJ
language	EN
topic	Medicine R Science Q
spellingShingle	Medicine R Science Q Åke Stenholm Anders Backlund Sara Holmström Maria Backlund Mikael Hedeland Petra Fransson Survival and growth of saprotrophic and mycorrhizal fungi in recalcitrant amine, amide and ammonium containing media.
description	The elimination of hazardous compounds in chemical wastes can be a complex and technically demanding task. In the search for environmental-friendly technologies, fungal mediated remediation and removal procedures are of concern. In this study, we investigated whether there are fungal species that can survive and grow on solely amine-containing compounds. One compound containing a primary amine group; 2-diethylaminoethanol, one compound with a primary amide group; 2,6-dichlorobenzamide (BAM), and a third compound containing a quaternary ammonium group; N3-trimethyl(2-oxiranyl)methanaminium chloride, were selected. The choice of these compounds was motivated by their excessive use in large scale manufacturing of protein separation media (2-diethylaminoethanol and the quaternary amine). 2,6-dichlorobenzamide, the degradation product of the herbicide 2,6-dichlorobenzonitrile (dichlobenil), was chosen since it is an extremely recalcitrant compound. Utilising part of the large fungal diversity in Northern European forests, a screening study using 48 fungal isolates from 42 fungal species, including saprotrophic and mycorrhizal fungi, was performed to test for growth responses to the chosen compounds. The ericoid (ERM) mycorrhizal fungus Rhizoscyphus ericae showed the best overall growth on 2-diethylaminoethanol and BAM in the 1-20 g L-1 concentration range, with a 35-fold and 4.5-fold increase in biomass, respectively. For N3-trimethyl(2-oxiranyl)methanaminium chloride, the peak growth occurred at 1 g L-1. In a second experiment, including three of the most promising fungi (Laccaria laccata, Hygrophorus camarophyllus and Rhizoscyphus ericae) from the screening experiment, a simulated process water containing 1.9% (w/v) 2-diethylaminoethanol and 0.8% (w/v) N3-trimethyl(2-oxiranyl)methanaminium chloride was used. Laccaria laccata showed the best biomass increase (380%) relative to a control, while the accumulation for Rhizoscyphus ericae and Hygrophorus camarophyllus were 292% and 136% respectively, indicating that mycorrhizal fungi can use amine- and amide-containing substrates as nutrients. These results show the potential of certain fungal species to be used in alternative green wastewater treatment procedures.
format	article
author	Åke Stenholm Anders Backlund Sara Holmström Maria Backlund Mikael Hedeland Petra Fransson
author_facet	Åke Stenholm Anders Backlund Sara Holmström Maria Backlund Mikael Hedeland Petra Fransson
author_sort	Åke Stenholm
title	Survival and growth of saprotrophic and mycorrhizal fungi in recalcitrant amine, amide and ammonium containing media.
title_short	Survival and growth of saprotrophic and mycorrhizal fungi in recalcitrant amine, amide and ammonium containing media.
title_full	Survival and growth of saprotrophic and mycorrhizal fungi in recalcitrant amine, amide and ammonium containing media.
title_fullStr	Survival and growth of saprotrophic and mycorrhizal fungi in recalcitrant amine, amide and ammonium containing media.
title_full_unstemmed	Survival and growth of saprotrophic and mycorrhizal fungi in recalcitrant amine, amide and ammonium containing media.
title_sort	survival and growth of saprotrophic and mycorrhizal fungi in recalcitrant amine, amide and ammonium containing media.
publisher	Public Library of Science (PLoS)
publishDate	2021
url	https://doaj.org/article/0addfb585f514c54a0085ecfc364e0b8
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Survival and growth of saprotrophic and mycorrhizal fungi in recalcitrant amine, amide and ammonium containing media.

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