Iron Metabolism, Pseudohypha Production, and Biofilm Formation through a Multicopper Oxidase in the Human-Pathogenic Fungus <named-content content-type="genus-species">Candida parapsilosis</named-content>

ABSTRACT Among all the essential micronutrients, iron plays an important role in mammalian biology. It is also essential for pathogens infecting mammalian hosts, including bacteria, fungi, and protozoans. As the availability of accessible iron is limited within the mammalian host, several human-path...

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Autores principales:	Tanmoy Chakraborty, Zsófia Tóth, Renáta Tóth, Csaba Vágvölgyi, Attila Gácser
Formato:	article
Lenguaje:	EN
Publicado:	American Society for Microbiology 2020
Materias:	Candida parapsilosis biofilms fungal multicopper oxidase pseudohypha Microbiology QR1-502
Acceso en línea:	https://doaj.org/article/0b0b58a15b42476fa60470d49d8af53d
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spelling	oai:doaj.org-article:0b0b58a15b42476fa60470d49d8af53d2021-11-15T15:30:15ZIron Metabolism, Pseudohypha Production, and Biofilm Formation through a Multicopper Oxidase in the Human-Pathogenic Fungus <named-content content-type="genus-species">Candida parapsilosis</named-content>10.1128/mSphere.00227-202379-5042https://doaj.org/article/0b0b58a15b42476fa60470d49d8af53d2020-06-01T00:00:00Zhttps://journals.asm.org/doi/10.1128/mSphere.00227-20https://doaj.org/toc/2379-5042ABSTRACT Among all the essential micronutrients, iron plays an important role in mammalian biology. It is also essential for pathogens infecting mammalian hosts, including bacteria, fungi, and protozoans. As the availability of accessible iron is limited within the mammalian host, several human-pathogenic fungal pathogens, such as Candida albicans, Cryptococcus neoformans, Candida glabrata, and Aspergillus fumigatus, have developed various iron uptake mechanisms. Although Candida parapsilosis is the second or third most common non-albicans Candida species associated with systemic and superficial Candida infections in immunocompromised patients, the mechanisms of iron uptake and homoeostasis remain unknown in this fungus. In the current report, we show that a homologue of the multicopper oxidase gene FET3 is present in the genome of C. parapsilosis (CPAR2_603600) and plays a significant role in iron acquisition. We found that homozygous deletion mutants of CPAR2_603600 showed defects under low-iron conditions and were also sensitive to various stressors. Our results also revealed that the levels of pseudohypha formation and biofilm formation were reduced in the null mutants compared to the wild type. This phenotypic defect could be partially rescued by supplementation with excess iron in the growth medium. The expression levels of the orthologues of various iron metabolism-related genes were also altered in the mutants compared to the parental strain. In conclusion, our report describes the role of CPAR2_603600 in iron homoeostasis maintenance as well as morphology and biofilm formation regulation in this pathogenic fungus. IMPORTANCE C. parapsilosis is the second or third most common opportunistic human-pathogenic Candida species, being responsible for severe fungal infections among immunocompromised patients, especially low-birth-weight infants (0 to 2 years of age). Among the major virulence factors that pathogenic fungi possess is the ability to compete with the host for essential micronutrients, including iron. Accessible iron is required for the maintenance of several metabolic processes. In order to obtain accessible iron from the host, pathogenic fungi have developed several iron acquisition and metabolic mechanisms. Although C. parapsilosis is a frequent cause of invasive candidiasis, little is known about what iron metabolic processes this fungus possesses that could contribute to the species’ virulent behavior. In this study, we identified the multicopper oxidase FET3 gene that regulates iron homeostasis maintenance and also plays important roles in the morphology of the fungus as well as in biofilm formation, two additional factors in fungal virulence.Tanmoy ChakrabortyZsófia TóthRenáta TóthCsaba VágvölgyiAttila GácserAmerican Society for MicrobiologyarticleCandida parapsilosisbiofilmsfungal multicopper oxidasepseudohyphaMicrobiologyQR1-502ENmSphere, Vol 5, Iss 3 (2020)
institution	DOAJ
collection	DOAJ
language	EN
topic	Candida parapsilosis biofilms fungal multicopper oxidase pseudohypha Microbiology QR1-502
spellingShingle	Candida parapsilosis biofilms fungal multicopper oxidase pseudohypha Microbiology QR1-502 Tanmoy Chakraborty Zsófia Tóth Renáta Tóth Csaba Vágvölgyi Attila Gácser Iron Metabolism, Pseudohypha Production, and Biofilm Formation through a Multicopper Oxidase in the Human-Pathogenic Fungus <named-content content-type="genus-species">Candida parapsilosis</named-content>
description	ABSTRACT Among all the essential micronutrients, iron plays an important role in mammalian biology. It is also essential for pathogens infecting mammalian hosts, including bacteria, fungi, and protozoans. As the availability of accessible iron is limited within the mammalian host, several human-pathogenic fungal pathogens, such as Candida albicans, Cryptococcus neoformans, Candida glabrata, and Aspergillus fumigatus, have developed various iron uptake mechanisms. Although Candida parapsilosis is the second or third most common non-albicans Candida species associated with systemic and superficial Candida infections in immunocompromised patients, the mechanisms of iron uptake and homoeostasis remain unknown in this fungus. In the current report, we show that a homologue of the multicopper oxidase gene FET3 is present in the genome of C. parapsilosis (CPAR2_603600) and plays a significant role in iron acquisition. We found that homozygous deletion mutants of CPAR2_603600 showed defects under low-iron conditions and were also sensitive to various stressors. Our results also revealed that the levels of pseudohypha formation and biofilm formation were reduced in the null mutants compared to the wild type. This phenotypic defect could be partially rescued by supplementation with excess iron in the growth medium. The expression levels of the orthologues of various iron metabolism-related genes were also altered in the mutants compared to the parental strain. In conclusion, our report describes the role of CPAR2_603600 in iron homoeostasis maintenance as well as morphology and biofilm formation regulation in this pathogenic fungus. IMPORTANCE C. parapsilosis is the second or third most common opportunistic human-pathogenic Candida species, being responsible for severe fungal infections among immunocompromised patients, especially low-birth-weight infants (0 to 2 years of age). Among the major virulence factors that pathogenic fungi possess is the ability to compete with the host for essential micronutrients, including iron. Accessible iron is required for the maintenance of several metabolic processes. In order to obtain accessible iron from the host, pathogenic fungi have developed several iron acquisition and metabolic mechanisms. Although C. parapsilosis is a frequent cause of invasive candidiasis, little is known about what iron metabolic processes this fungus possesses that could contribute to the species’ virulent behavior. In this study, we identified the multicopper oxidase FET3 gene that regulates iron homeostasis maintenance and also plays important roles in the morphology of the fungus as well as in biofilm formation, two additional factors in fungal virulence.
format	article
author	Tanmoy Chakraborty Zsófia Tóth Renáta Tóth Csaba Vágvölgyi Attila Gácser
author_facet	Tanmoy Chakraborty Zsófia Tóth Renáta Tóth Csaba Vágvölgyi Attila Gácser
author_sort	Tanmoy Chakraborty
title	Iron Metabolism, Pseudohypha Production, and Biofilm Formation through a Multicopper Oxidase in the Human-Pathogenic Fungus <named-content content-type="genus-species">Candida parapsilosis</named-content>
title_short	Iron Metabolism, Pseudohypha Production, and Biofilm Formation through a Multicopper Oxidase in the Human-Pathogenic Fungus <named-content content-type="genus-species">Candida parapsilosis</named-content>
title_full	Iron Metabolism, Pseudohypha Production, and Biofilm Formation through a Multicopper Oxidase in the Human-Pathogenic Fungus <named-content content-type="genus-species">Candida parapsilosis</named-content>
title_fullStr	Iron Metabolism, Pseudohypha Production, and Biofilm Formation through a Multicopper Oxidase in the Human-Pathogenic Fungus <named-content content-type="genus-species">Candida parapsilosis</named-content>
title_full_unstemmed	Iron Metabolism, Pseudohypha Production, and Biofilm Formation through a Multicopper Oxidase in the Human-Pathogenic Fungus <named-content content-type="genus-species">Candida parapsilosis</named-content>
title_sort	iron metabolism, pseudohypha production, and biofilm formation through a multicopper oxidase in the human-pathogenic fungus <named-content content-type="genus-species">candida parapsilosis</named-content>
publisher	American Society for Microbiology
publishDate	2020
url	https://doaj.org/article/0b0b58a15b42476fa60470d49d8af53d
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Iron Metabolism, Pseudohypha Production, and Biofilm Formation through a Multicopper Oxidase in the Human-Pathogenic Fungus <named-content content-type="genus-species">Candida parapsilosis</named-content>

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