Synthesis, Molecular Docking, and Antimalarial Activity of Hybrid 4-Aminoquinoline-pyrano[2,3-c]pyrazole Derivatives
Widespread resistance of <i>Plasmodium falciparum</i> to current artemisinin-based combination therapies necessitate the discovery of new medicines. Pharmacophoric hybridization has become an alternative for drug resistance that lowers the risk of drug–drug adverse interactions. In this...
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oai:doaj.org-article:0b483ea7a6f6448e8959878be1c00bb52021-11-25T18:39:55ZSynthesis, Molecular Docking, and Antimalarial Activity of Hybrid 4-Aminoquinoline-pyrano[2,3-c]pyrazole Derivatives10.3390/ph141111741424-8247https://doaj.org/article/0b483ea7a6f6448e8959878be1c00bb52021-11-01T00:00:00Zhttps://www.mdpi.com/1424-8247/14/11/1174https://doaj.org/toc/1424-8247Widespread resistance of <i>Plasmodium falciparum</i> to current artemisinin-based combination therapies necessitate the discovery of new medicines. Pharmacophoric hybridization has become an alternative for drug resistance that lowers the risk of drug–drug adverse interactions. In this study, we synthesized a new series of hybrids by covalently linking the scaffolds of pyrano[2,3-c]pyrazole with 4-aminoquinoline via an ethyl linker. All synthesized hybrid molecules were evaluated through in vitro screenings against chloroquine-resistant (K1) and -sensitive (3D7) <i>P. falciparum</i> strains, respectively. Data from in vitro assessments showed that hybrid <b>4b</b> displayed significant antiplasmodial activities against the 3D7 strain (EC<sub>50</sub> = 0.0130 ± 0.0002 μM) and the K1 strain (EC<sub>50</sub> = 0.02 ± 0.01 μM), with low cytotoxic effect against Vero mammalian cells. The high selectivity index value on the 3D7 strain (SI > 1000) and the K1 strain (SI > 800) and the low resistance index value from compound <b>4b</b> suggested that the pharmacological effects of this compound were due to selective inhibition on the 3D7 and K1 strains. Molecular docking analysis also showed that <b>4b</b> recorded the highest binding energy on <i>P. falciparum</i> lactate dehydrogenase. Thus, <i>P. falciparum</i> lactate dehydrogenase is considered a potential molecular target for the synthesized compound.Mohd Asyraf ShamsuddinAmatul Hamizah AliNur Hanis ZakariaMohd Fazli MohammatAhmad Sazali HamzahZurina ShaameriKok Wai LamWun Fui Mark-LeeHani Kartini AgustarMohd Ridzuan Mohd Abd RazakJalifah LatipNurul Izzaty HassanMDPI AGarticle4-aminoquinolineantimalarialdockinghybridpyrano[2,3-c]pyrazoleMedicineRPharmacy and materia medicaRS1-441ENPharmaceuticals, Vol 14, Iss 1174, p 1174 (2021) |
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DOAJ |
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| topic |
4-aminoquinoline antimalarial docking hybrid pyrano[2,3-c]pyrazole Medicine R Pharmacy and materia medica RS1-441 |
| spellingShingle |
4-aminoquinoline antimalarial docking hybrid pyrano[2,3-c]pyrazole Medicine R Pharmacy and materia medica RS1-441 Mohd Asyraf Shamsuddin Amatul Hamizah Ali Nur Hanis Zakaria Mohd Fazli Mohammat Ahmad Sazali Hamzah Zurina Shaameri Kok Wai Lam Wun Fui Mark-Lee Hani Kartini Agustar Mohd Ridzuan Mohd Abd Razak Jalifah Latip Nurul Izzaty Hassan Synthesis, Molecular Docking, and Antimalarial Activity of Hybrid 4-Aminoquinoline-pyrano[2,3-c]pyrazole Derivatives |
| description |
Widespread resistance of <i>Plasmodium falciparum</i> to current artemisinin-based combination therapies necessitate the discovery of new medicines. Pharmacophoric hybridization has become an alternative for drug resistance that lowers the risk of drug–drug adverse interactions. In this study, we synthesized a new series of hybrids by covalently linking the scaffolds of pyrano[2,3-c]pyrazole with 4-aminoquinoline via an ethyl linker. All synthesized hybrid molecules were evaluated through in vitro screenings against chloroquine-resistant (K1) and -sensitive (3D7) <i>P. falciparum</i> strains, respectively. Data from in vitro assessments showed that hybrid <b>4b</b> displayed significant antiplasmodial activities against the 3D7 strain (EC<sub>50</sub> = 0.0130 ± 0.0002 μM) and the K1 strain (EC<sub>50</sub> = 0.02 ± 0.01 μM), with low cytotoxic effect against Vero mammalian cells. The high selectivity index value on the 3D7 strain (SI > 1000) and the K1 strain (SI > 800) and the low resistance index value from compound <b>4b</b> suggested that the pharmacological effects of this compound were due to selective inhibition on the 3D7 and K1 strains. Molecular docking analysis also showed that <b>4b</b> recorded the highest binding energy on <i>P. falciparum</i> lactate dehydrogenase. Thus, <i>P. falciparum</i> lactate dehydrogenase is considered a potential molecular target for the synthesized compound. |
| format |
article |
| author |
Mohd Asyraf Shamsuddin Amatul Hamizah Ali Nur Hanis Zakaria Mohd Fazli Mohammat Ahmad Sazali Hamzah Zurina Shaameri Kok Wai Lam Wun Fui Mark-Lee Hani Kartini Agustar Mohd Ridzuan Mohd Abd Razak Jalifah Latip Nurul Izzaty Hassan |
| author_facet |
Mohd Asyraf Shamsuddin Amatul Hamizah Ali Nur Hanis Zakaria Mohd Fazli Mohammat Ahmad Sazali Hamzah Zurina Shaameri Kok Wai Lam Wun Fui Mark-Lee Hani Kartini Agustar Mohd Ridzuan Mohd Abd Razak Jalifah Latip Nurul Izzaty Hassan |
| author_sort |
Mohd Asyraf Shamsuddin |
| title |
Synthesis, Molecular Docking, and Antimalarial Activity of Hybrid 4-Aminoquinoline-pyrano[2,3-c]pyrazole Derivatives |
| title_short |
Synthesis, Molecular Docking, and Antimalarial Activity of Hybrid 4-Aminoquinoline-pyrano[2,3-c]pyrazole Derivatives |
| title_full |
Synthesis, Molecular Docking, and Antimalarial Activity of Hybrid 4-Aminoquinoline-pyrano[2,3-c]pyrazole Derivatives |
| title_fullStr |
Synthesis, Molecular Docking, and Antimalarial Activity of Hybrid 4-Aminoquinoline-pyrano[2,3-c]pyrazole Derivatives |
| title_full_unstemmed |
Synthesis, Molecular Docking, and Antimalarial Activity of Hybrid 4-Aminoquinoline-pyrano[2,3-c]pyrazole Derivatives |
| title_sort |
synthesis, molecular docking, and antimalarial activity of hybrid 4-aminoquinoline-pyrano[2,3-c]pyrazole derivatives |
| publisher |
MDPI AG |
| publishDate |
2021 |
| url |
https://doaj.org/article/0b483ea7a6f6448e8959878be1c00bb5 |
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