Mold, Mycotoxins and a Dysregulated Immune System: A Combination of Concern?

Fungi represent one of the most diverse and abundant eukaryotes on earth. The interplay between mold exposure and the host immune system is still not fully elucidated. Literature research focusing on up-to-date publications is providing a heterogenous picture of evidence and opinions regarding the r...

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Autores principales:	Stephanie Kraft, Lisa Buchenauer, Tobias Polte
Formato:	article
Lenguaje:	EN
Publicado:	MDPI AG 2021
Materias:	molds mycotoxins dysfunctional immune system immune system disorders immune response Biology (General) QH301-705.5 Chemistry QD1-999
Acceso en línea:	https://doaj.org/article/0be5490bff6d406a875cd7b5a2ceae4b
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spelling	oai:doaj.org-article:0be5490bff6d406a875cd7b5a2ceae4b2021-11-25T17:54:53ZMold, Mycotoxins and a Dysregulated Immune System: A Combination of Concern?10.3390/ijms2222122691422-00671661-6596https://doaj.org/article/0be5490bff6d406a875cd7b5a2ceae4b2021-11-01T00:00:00Zhttps://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/22/22/12269https://doaj.org/toc/1661-6596https://doaj.org/toc/1422-0067Fungi represent one of the most diverse and abundant eukaryotes on earth. The interplay between mold exposure and the host immune system is still not fully elucidated. Literature research focusing on up-to-date publications is providing a heterogenous picture of evidence and opinions regarding the role of mold and mycotoxins in the development of immune diseases. While the induction of allergic immune responses by molds is generally acknowledged, other direct health effects like the toxic mold syndrome are controversially discussed. However, recent observations indicate a particular importance of mold/mycotoxin exposure in individuals with pre-existing dysregulation of the immune system, due to exacerbation of underlying pathophysiology including allergic and non-allergic chronic inflammatory diseases, autoimmune disorders, and even human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) disease progression. In this review, we focus on the impact of mycotoxins regarding their impact on disease progression in pre-existing immune dysregulation. This is complemented by experimental in vivo and in vitro findings to present cellular and molecular modes of action. Furthermore, we discuss hypothetical mechanisms of action, where evidence is missing since much remains to be discovered.Stephanie KraftLisa BuchenauerTobias PolteMDPI AGarticlemoldsmycotoxinsdysfunctional immune systemimmune system disordersimmune responseBiology (General)QH301-705.5ChemistryQD1-999ENInternational Journal of Molecular Sciences, Vol 22, Iss 12269, p 12269 (2021)
institution	DOAJ
collection	DOAJ
language	EN
topic	molds mycotoxins dysfunctional immune system immune system disorders immune response Biology (General) QH301-705.5 Chemistry QD1-999
spellingShingle	molds mycotoxins dysfunctional immune system immune system disorders immune response Biology (General) QH301-705.5 Chemistry QD1-999 Stephanie Kraft Lisa Buchenauer Tobias Polte Mold, Mycotoxins and a Dysregulated Immune System: A Combination of Concern?
description	Fungi represent one of the most diverse and abundant eukaryotes on earth. The interplay between mold exposure and the host immune system is still not fully elucidated. Literature research focusing on up-to-date publications is providing a heterogenous picture of evidence and opinions regarding the role of mold and mycotoxins in the development of immune diseases. While the induction of allergic immune responses by molds is generally acknowledged, other direct health effects like the toxic mold syndrome are controversially discussed. However, recent observations indicate a particular importance of mold/mycotoxin exposure in individuals with pre-existing dysregulation of the immune system, due to exacerbation of underlying pathophysiology including allergic and non-allergic chronic inflammatory diseases, autoimmune disorders, and even human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) disease progression. In this review, we focus on the impact of mycotoxins regarding their impact on disease progression in pre-existing immune dysregulation. This is complemented by experimental in vivo and in vitro findings to present cellular and molecular modes of action. Furthermore, we discuss hypothetical mechanisms of action, where evidence is missing since much remains to be discovered.
format	article
author	Stephanie Kraft Lisa Buchenauer Tobias Polte
author_facet	Stephanie Kraft Lisa Buchenauer Tobias Polte
author_sort	Stephanie Kraft
title	Mold, Mycotoxins and a Dysregulated Immune System: A Combination of Concern?
title_short	Mold, Mycotoxins and a Dysregulated Immune System: A Combination of Concern?
title_full	Mold, Mycotoxins and a Dysregulated Immune System: A Combination of Concern?
title_fullStr	Mold, Mycotoxins and a Dysregulated Immune System: A Combination of Concern?
title_full_unstemmed	Mold, Mycotoxins and a Dysregulated Immune System: A Combination of Concern?
title_sort	mold, mycotoxins and a dysregulated immune system: a combination of concern?
publisher	MDPI AG
publishDate	2021
url	https://doaj.org/article/0be5490bff6d406a875cd7b5a2ceae4b
work_keys_str_mv	AT stephaniekraft moldmycotoxinsandadysregulatedimmunesystemacombinationofconcern AT lisabuchenauer moldmycotoxinsandadysregulatedimmunesystemacombinationofconcern AT tobiaspolte moldmycotoxinsandadysregulatedimmunesystemacombinationofconcern
_version_	1718411844074340352

Mold, Mycotoxins and a Dysregulated Immune System: A Combination of Concern?

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