Smartphone viewing distance and sleep: an experimental study utilizing motion capture technology

Michitaka Yoshimura,1,* Momoko Kitazawa,1–3,* Yasuhiro Maeda,2 Masaru Mimura,4 Kazuo Tsubota,1 Taishiro Kishimoto,4,5 1Department of Ophthalmology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, 2RIKEN Center for Advanced Photonics, Wako, Saitama, 3Department of Nursing, Aino University Junior...

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Autores principales:	Yoshimura M, Kitazawa M, Maeda Y, Mimura M, Tsubota K, Kishimoto T
Formato:	article
Lenguaje:	EN
Publicado:	Dove Medical Press 2017
Materias:	smartphone sleep blue light distance Psychiatry RC435-571 Neurophysiology and neuropsychology QP351-495
Acceso en línea:	https://doaj.org/article/0c696891b3514baeab883b190f3b09b3
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spelling	oai:doaj.org-article:0c696891b3514baeab883b190f3b09b32021-12-02T07:20:17ZSmartphone viewing distance and sleep: an experimental study utilizing motion capture technology1179-1608https://doaj.org/article/0c696891b3514baeab883b190f3b09b32017-03-01T00:00:00Zhttps://www.dovepress.com/smartphone-viewing-distance-and-sleep-an-experimental-study-utilizing--peer-reviewed-article-NSShttps://doaj.org/toc/1179-1608Michitaka Yoshimura,1,* Momoko Kitazawa,1–3,* Yasuhiro Maeda,2 Masaru Mimura,4 Kazuo Tsubota,1 Taishiro Kishimoto,4,5 1Department of Ophthalmology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, 2RIKEN Center for Advanced Photonics, Wako, Saitama, 3Department of Nursing, Aino University Junior College, 4Department of Neuropsychiatry, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan; 5Department of Psychiatry, Hofstra Northwell School of Medicine, NY, USA *These authors contributed equally to this work Abstract: There are studies reporting the negative impact of smartphone utilization on sleep. It is considered that reduction of melatonin secretion under the blue light exposure from smartphone displays is one of the causes. The viewing distance may cause sleep disturbance, because the viewing distance determines the screen illuminance and/or asthenopia. However, to date, there has been no study closely investigating the impact of viewing distance on sleep; therefore, we sought to determine the relationship between smartphone viewing distance and subjective sleep status. Twenty-three nursing students (mean age ± standard deviation of 19.7±3.1 years) participated in the study. Subjective sleep status was assessed using the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index, morningness–eveningness questionnaire, and the Epworth sleepiness scale. We used the distance between the head and the hand while holding a smartphone to measure the viewing distance while using smartphones in sitting and lying positions. The distance was calculated using the three-dimensional coordinates obtained by a noncontact motion-sensing device. The viewing distance of smartphones in the sitting position ranged from 13.3 to 32.9 cm among participants. In the lying position, it ranged from 9.9 to 21.3cm. The viewing distance was longer in the sitting position than in the lying position (mean ± standard deviation: 20.3±4.7 vs 16.4±2.7, respectively, P<0.01). We found that the short viewing distance in the lying position had a positive correlation to a poorer sleep state (R2=0.27, P<0.05), lower sleep efficiency (R2=0.35, P<0.05), and longer sleep latency (R2=0.38, P<0.05). Moreover, smartphone viewing distances in lying position correlated negatively with subjective sleep status. Therefore, when recommending ideal smartphone use in lying position, one should take into account the viewing distances. Keywords: smartphone, sleep, blue light, distanceYoshimura MKitazawa MMaeda YMimura MTsubota KKishimoto TDove Medical Pressarticlesmartphonesleepblue lightdistancePsychiatryRC435-571Neurophysiology and neuropsychologyQP351-495ENNature and Science of Sleep, Vol Volume 9, Pp 59-65 (2017)
institution	DOAJ
collection	DOAJ
language	EN
topic	smartphone sleep blue light distance Psychiatry RC435-571 Neurophysiology and neuropsychology QP351-495
spellingShingle	smartphone sleep blue light distance Psychiatry RC435-571 Neurophysiology and neuropsychology QP351-495 Yoshimura M Kitazawa M Maeda Y Mimura M Tsubota K Kishimoto T Smartphone viewing distance and sleep: an experimental study utilizing motion capture technology
description	Michitaka Yoshimura,1,* Momoko Kitazawa,1–3,* Yasuhiro Maeda,2 Masaru Mimura,4 Kazuo Tsubota,1 Taishiro Kishimoto,4,5 1Department of Ophthalmology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, 2RIKEN Center for Advanced Photonics, Wako, Saitama, 3Department of Nursing, Aino University Junior College, 4Department of Neuropsychiatry, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan; 5Department of Psychiatry, Hofstra Northwell School of Medicine, NY, USA *These authors contributed equally to this work Abstract: There are studies reporting the negative impact of smartphone utilization on sleep. It is considered that reduction of melatonin secretion under the blue light exposure from smartphone displays is one of the causes. The viewing distance may cause sleep disturbance, because the viewing distance determines the screen illuminance and/or asthenopia. However, to date, there has been no study closely investigating the impact of viewing distance on sleep; therefore, we sought to determine the relationship between smartphone viewing distance and subjective sleep status. Twenty-three nursing students (mean age ± standard deviation of 19.7±3.1 years) participated in the study. Subjective sleep status was assessed using the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index, morningness–eveningness questionnaire, and the Epworth sleepiness scale. We used the distance between the head and the hand while holding a smartphone to measure the viewing distance while using smartphones in sitting and lying positions. The distance was calculated using the three-dimensional coordinates obtained by a noncontact motion-sensing device. The viewing distance of smartphones in the sitting position ranged from 13.3 to 32.9 cm among participants. In the lying position, it ranged from 9.9 to 21.3cm. The viewing distance was longer in the sitting position than in the lying position (mean ± standard deviation: 20.3±4.7 vs 16.4±2.7, respectively, P<0.01). We found that the short viewing distance in the lying position had a positive correlation to a poorer sleep state (R2=0.27, P<0.05), lower sleep efficiency (R2=0.35, P<0.05), and longer sleep latency (R2=0.38, P<0.05). Moreover, smartphone viewing distances in lying position correlated negatively with subjective sleep status. Therefore, when recommending ideal smartphone use in lying position, one should take into account the viewing distances. Keywords: smartphone, sleep, blue light, distance
format	article
author	Yoshimura M Kitazawa M Maeda Y Mimura M Tsubota K Kishimoto T
author_facet	Yoshimura M Kitazawa M Maeda Y Mimura M Tsubota K Kishimoto T
author_sort	Yoshimura M
title	Smartphone viewing distance and sleep: an experimental study utilizing motion capture technology
title_short	Smartphone viewing distance and sleep: an experimental study utilizing motion capture technology
title_full	Smartphone viewing distance and sleep: an experimental study utilizing motion capture technology
title_fullStr	Smartphone viewing distance and sleep: an experimental study utilizing motion capture technology
title_full_unstemmed	Smartphone viewing distance and sleep: an experimental study utilizing motion capture technology
title_sort	smartphone viewing distance and sleep: an experimental study utilizing motion capture technology
publisher	Dove Medical Press
publishDate	2017
url	https://doaj.org/article/0c696891b3514baeab883b190f3b09b3
work_keys_str_mv	AT yoshimuram smartphoneviewingdistanceandsleepanexperimentalstudyutilizingmotioncapturetechnology AT kitazawam smartphoneviewingdistanceandsleepanexperimentalstudyutilizingmotioncapturetechnology AT maeday smartphoneviewingdistanceandsleepanexperimentalstudyutilizingmotioncapturetechnology AT mimuram smartphoneviewingdistanceandsleepanexperimentalstudyutilizingmotioncapturetechnology AT tsubotak smartphoneviewingdistanceandsleepanexperimentalstudyutilizingmotioncapturetechnology AT kishimotot smartphoneviewingdistanceandsleepanexperimentalstudyutilizingmotioncapturetechnology
_version_	1718399440844226560

Smartphone viewing distance and sleep: an experimental study utilizing motion capture technology

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