Right place, wrong species: a 20-year review of rabies virus cross species transmission among terrestrial mammals in the United States.

<h4>Introduction</h4>In the continental US, four terrestrial mammalian species are reservoirs for seven antigenic rabies virus variants. Cross species transmission (CST) occurs when a rabies virus variant causes disease in non-reservoir species.<h4>Methods</h4>This study anal...

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Autores principales:	Ryan M Wallace, Amy Gilbert, Dennis Slate, Richard Chipman, Amber Singh, Cassie Wedd, Jesse D Blanton
Formato:	article
Lenguaje:	EN
Publicado:	Public Library of Science (PLoS) 2014
Materias:	Medicine R Science Q
Acceso en línea:	https://doaj.org/article/0cb33e4281fb4e9a94f4b9c16a4334bf
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spelling	oai:doaj.org-article:0cb33e4281fb4e9a94f4b9c16a4334bf2021-11-25T05:57:32ZRight place, wrong species: a 20-year review of rabies virus cross species transmission among terrestrial mammals in the United States.1932-620310.1371/journal.pone.0107539https://doaj.org/article/0cb33e4281fb4e9a94f4b9c16a4334bf2014-01-01T00:00:00Zhttps://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0107539https://doaj.org/toc/1932-6203<h4>Introduction</h4>In the continental US, four terrestrial mammalian species are reservoirs for seven antigenic rabies virus variants. Cross species transmission (CST) occurs when a rabies virus variant causes disease in non-reservoir species.<h4>Methods</h4>This study analyzed national surveillance data for rabies in terrestrial mammals. The CST rate was defined as: number of rabid non-reservoir animals/number of rabid reservoir animals. CST rates were analyzed for trend. Clusters of high CST rate counties were evaluated using space-time scanning statistics.<h4>Results</h4>The number of counties reporting a raccoon variant CST rate >1.0 increased from 75 in 1992 to 187 in 2011; counties with skunk variant CST rates >1.0 remained unchanged during the same period. As of 2011, for every rabid raccoon reported within the raccoon variant region, there were 0.73 cases of this variant reported in non-reservoir animals. Skunks were the most common non-reservoir animal reported with the raccoon rabies variant. Domestic animals were the most common non-reservoir animal diagnosed with a skunk rabies virus variant (n = 1,601). Cross species transmission rates increased fastest among domestic animals.<h4>Conclusions</h4>Cross species transmission of rabies virus variants into non-reservoir animals increases the risk of human exposures and threatens current advances toward rabies control. Cross species transmission in raccoon rabies enzootic regions increased dramatically during the study period. Pet owners should vaccinate their dogs and cats to ensure against CST, particularly in regions with active foci of rabies circulation. Clusters of high CST activity represent areas for further study to better understand interspecies disease transmission dynamics. Each CST event has the potential to result in a rabies virus adapted for sustained transmission in a new species; therefore further understanding of the dynamics of CST may help in early detection or prevention of the emergence of new terrestrial rabies virus variants.Ryan M WallaceAmy GilbertDennis SlateRichard ChipmanAmber SinghCassie WeddJesse D BlantonPublic Library of Science (PLoS)articleMedicineRScienceQENPLoS ONE, Vol 9, Iss 10, p e107539 (2014)
institution	DOAJ
collection	DOAJ
language	EN
topic	Medicine R Science Q
spellingShingle	Medicine R Science Q Ryan M Wallace Amy Gilbert Dennis Slate Richard Chipman Amber Singh Cassie Wedd Jesse D Blanton Right place, wrong species: a 20-year review of rabies virus cross species transmission among terrestrial mammals in the United States.
description	<h4>Introduction</h4>In the continental US, four terrestrial mammalian species are reservoirs for seven antigenic rabies virus variants. Cross species transmission (CST) occurs when a rabies virus variant causes disease in non-reservoir species.<h4>Methods</h4>This study analyzed national surveillance data for rabies in terrestrial mammals. The CST rate was defined as: number of rabid non-reservoir animals/number of rabid reservoir animals. CST rates were analyzed for trend. Clusters of high CST rate counties were evaluated using space-time scanning statistics.<h4>Results</h4>The number of counties reporting a raccoon variant CST rate >1.0 increased from 75 in 1992 to 187 in 2011; counties with skunk variant CST rates >1.0 remained unchanged during the same period. As of 2011, for every rabid raccoon reported within the raccoon variant region, there were 0.73 cases of this variant reported in non-reservoir animals. Skunks were the most common non-reservoir animal reported with the raccoon rabies variant. Domestic animals were the most common non-reservoir animal diagnosed with a skunk rabies virus variant (n = 1,601). Cross species transmission rates increased fastest among domestic animals.<h4>Conclusions</h4>Cross species transmission of rabies virus variants into non-reservoir animals increases the risk of human exposures and threatens current advances toward rabies control. Cross species transmission in raccoon rabies enzootic regions increased dramatically during the study period. Pet owners should vaccinate their dogs and cats to ensure against CST, particularly in regions with active foci of rabies circulation. Clusters of high CST activity represent areas for further study to better understand interspecies disease transmission dynamics. Each CST event has the potential to result in a rabies virus adapted for sustained transmission in a new species; therefore further understanding of the dynamics of CST may help in early detection or prevention of the emergence of new terrestrial rabies virus variants.
format	article
author	Ryan M Wallace Amy Gilbert Dennis Slate Richard Chipman Amber Singh Cassie Wedd Jesse D Blanton
author_facet	Ryan M Wallace Amy Gilbert Dennis Slate Richard Chipman Amber Singh Cassie Wedd Jesse D Blanton
author_sort	Ryan M Wallace
title	Right place, wrong species: a 20-year review of rabies virus cross species transmission among terrestrial mammals in the United States.
title_short	Right place, wrong species: a 20-year review of rabies virus cross species transmission among terrestrial mammals in the United States.
title_full	Right place, wrong species: a 20-year review of rabies virus cross species transmission among terrestrial mammals in the United States.
title_fullStr	Right place, wrong species: a 20-year review of rabies virus cross species transmission among terrestrial mammals in the United States.
title_full_unstemmed	Right place, wrong species: a 20-year review of rabies virus cross species transmission among terrestrial mammals in the United States.
title_sort	right place, wrong species: a 20-year review of rabies virus cross species transmission among terrestrial mammals in the united states.
publisher	Public Library of Science (PLoS)
publishDate	2014
url	https://doaj.org/article/0cb33e4281fb4e9a94f4b9c16a4334bf
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Right place, wrong species: a 20-year review of rabies virus cross species transmission among terrestrial mammals in the United States.

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