Ethnobotanical Survey on Skin Whitening Prescriptions of Traditional Chinese Medicine in Taiwan

The increasing interest and demand for skin whitening products globally, particularly in Asia, have necessitated rapid advances in research on skin whitening products used in traditional Chinese medicine (TCM). Herein, we investigated 74 skin whitening prescriptions sold in TCM pharmacies in Taiwan....

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Autores principales:	Chien-Yu Ko, Jung Chao, Pei-Yu Chen, Shan-Yu Su, Tomoji Maeda, Chin-Yu Lin, Hung-Che Chiang, Shyh-Shyun Huang
Formato:	article
Lenguaje:	EN
Publicado:	Frontiers Media S.A. 2021
Materias:	skin whitening ethnobotanical Taiwan traditional Chinese medicine pharmacy traditional Taiwanese medicine Therapeutics. Pharmacology RM1-950
Acceso en línea:	https://doaj.org/article/0d0863d8e5e24d9f83b9ba15cc9d9f2e
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spelling	oai:doaj.org-article:0d0863d8e5e24d9f83b9ba15cc9d9f2e2021-12-01T20:30:51ZEthnobotanical Survey on Skin Whitening Prescriptions of Traditional Chinese Medicine in Taiwan1663-981210.3389/fphar.2021.736370https://doaj.org/article/0d0863d8e5e24d9f83b9ba15cc9d9f2e2021-11-01T00:00:00Zhttps://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fphar.2021.736370/fullhttps://doaj.org/toc/1663-9812The increasing interest and demand for skin whitening products globally, particularly in Asia, have necessitated rapid advances in research on skin whitening products used in traditional Chinese medicine (TCM). Herein, we investigated 74 skin whitening prescriptions sold in TCM pharmacies in Taiwan. Commonly used medicinal materials were defined as those with a relative frequency of citation (RFC) > 0.2 and their characteristics were evaluated. Correlation analysis of commonly used medicinal materials was carried out to identify the core component of the medicinal materials. Of the purchased 74 skin whitening prescriptions, 36 were oral prescriptions, 37 were external prescriptions, and one prescription could be used as an oral or external prescription. After analysis, 90 traditional Chinese medicinal materials were obtained. The Apiaceae (10%; 13%) and Leguminosae (9%; 11%) were the main sources of oral and external medicinal materials, respectively. Oral skin whitening prescriptions were found to be mostly warm (46%) and sweet (53%), while external skin whitening prescriptions included cold (43%) and bitter (29%) medicinal materials. Additionally, mainly tonifying and replenishing effects of the materials were noted. Pharmacological analysis indicated that these medicinal materials may promote wound healing, treat inflammatory skin diseases, or anti-hyperpigmentation. According to the Spearman correlation analysis on interactions among medicinal materials with an RFC > 0.2 in the oral skin whitening prescriptions, Paeonia lactiflora Pall. (white) and Atractylodes macrocephala Koidz. showed the highest correlation (confidence score = 0.93), followed by Ziziphus jujuba Mill. (red) and Astragalus propinquus Schischkin (confidence score = 0.91). Seven medicinal materials in external skin whitening prescriptions with an RFC > 0.2, were classified as Taiwan qī bái sàn (an herbal preparation), including Angelica dahurica (Hoffm.) Benth. & Hook. f. ex Franch. & Sav., Wolfiporia extensa (Peck) Ginns, Bletilla striata (Thunb.) Rchb. f., Atractylodes macrocephala Koidz., Ampelopsis japonica (Thunb.) Makino, Paeonia lactiflora Pall. (white), and Bombyx mori Linnaeus. Skin whitening prescriptions included multiple traditional Chinese medicinal materials. Despite the long history of use, there is a lack of studies concerning skin whitening products, possibly due to the complex composition of traditional Chinese medicine. Further studies are required to assess the efficacy and safety of these traditional Chinese medicinal materials for inclusion in effective, safe, and functional pharmacological products.Chien-Yu KoJung ChaoPei-Yu ChenShan-Yu SuShan-Yu SuTomoji MaedaTomoji MaedaChin-Yu LinChin-Yu LinHung-Che ChiangHung-Che ChiangShyh-Shyun HuangShyh-Shyun HuangShyh-Shyun HuangFrontiers Media S.A.articleskin whiteningethnobotanicalTaiwantraditional Chinese medicine pharmacytraditional Taiwanese medicineTherapeutics. PharmacologyRM1-950ENFrontiers in Pharmacology, Vol 12 (2021)
institution	DOAJ
collection	DOAJ
language	EN
topic	skin whitening ethnobotanical Taiwan traditional Chinese medicine pharmacy traditional Taiwanese medicine Therapeutics. Pharmacology RM1-950
spellingShingle	skin whitening ethnobotanical Taiwan traditional Chinese medicine pharmacy traditional Taiwanese medicine Therapeutics. Pharmacology RM1-950 Chien-Yu Ko Jung Chao Pei-Yu Chen Shan-Yu Su Shan-Yu Su Tomoji Maeda Tomoji Maeda Chin-Yu Lin Chin-Yu Lin Hung-Che Chiang Hung-Che Chiang Shyh-Shyun Huang Shyh-Shyun Huang Shyh-Shyun Huang Ethnobotanical Survey on Skin Whitening Prescriptions of Traditional Chinese Medicine in Taiwan
description	The increasing interest and demand for skin whitening products globally, particularly in Asia, have necessitated rapid advances in research on skin whitening products used in traditional Chinese medicine (TCM). Herein, we investigated 74 skin whitening prescriptions sold in TCM pharmacies in Taiwan. Commonly used medicinal materials were defined as those with a relative frequency of citation (RFC) > 0.2 and their characteristics were evaluated. Correlation analysis of commonly used medicinal materials was carried out to identify the core component of the medicinal materials. Of the purchased 74 skin whitening prescriptions, 36 were oral prescriptions, 37 were external prescriptions, and one prescription could be used as an oral or external prescription. After analysis, 90 traditional Chinese medicinal materials were obtained. The Apiaceae (10%; 13%) and Leguminosae (9%; 11%) were the main sources of oral and external medicinal materials, respectively. Oral skin whitening prescriptions were found to be mostly warm (46%) and sweet (53%), while external skin whitening prescriptions included cold (43%) and bitter (29%) medicinal materials. Additionally, mainly tonifying and replenishing effects of the materials were noted. Pharmacological analysis indicated that these medicinal materials may promote wound healing, treat inflammatory skin diseases, or anti-hyperpigmentation. According to the Spearman correlation analysis on interactions among medicinal materials with an RFC > 0.2 in the oral skin whitening prescriptions, Paeonia lactiflora Pall. (white) and Atractylodes macrocephala Koidz. showed the highest correlation (confidence score = 0.93), followed by Ziziphus jujuba Mill. (red) and Astragalus propinquus Schischkin (confidence score = 0.91). Seven medicinal materials in external skin whitening prescriptions with an RFC > 0.2, were classified as Taiwan qī bái sàn (an herbal preparation), including Angelica dahurica (Hoffm.) Benth. & Hook. f. ex Franch. & Sav., Wolfiporia extensa (Peck) Ginns, Bletilla striata (Thunb.) Rchb. f., Atractylodes macrocephala Koidz., Ampelopsis japonica (Thunb.) Makino, Paeonia lactiflora Pall. (white), and Bombyx mori Linnaeus. Skin whitening prescriptions included multiple traditional Chinese medicinal materials. Despite the long history of use, there is a lack of studies concerning skin whitening products, possibly due to the complex composition of traditional Chinese medicine. Further studies are required to assess the efficacy and safety of these traditional Chinese medicinal materials for inclusion in effective, safe, and functional pharmacological products.
format	article
author	Chien-Yu Ko Jung Chao Pei-Yu Chen Shan-Yu Su Shan-Yu Su Tomoji Maeda Tomoji Maeda Chin-Yu Lin Chin-Yu Lin Hung-Che Chiang Hung-Che Chiang Shyh-Shyun Huang Shyh-Shyun Huang Shyh-Shyun Huang
author_facet	Chien-Yu Ko Jung Chao Pei-Yu Chen Shan-Yu Su Shan-Yu Su Tomoji Maeda Tomoji Maeda Chin-Yu Lin Chin-Yu Lin Hung-Che Chiang Hung-Che Chiang Shyh-Shyun Huang Shyh-Shyun Huang Shyh-Shyun Huang
author_sort	Chien-Yu Ko
title	Ethnobotanical Survey on Skin Whitening Prescriptions of Traditional Chinese Medicine in Taiwan
title_short	Ethnobotanical Survey on Skin Whitening Prescriptions of Traditional Chinese Medicine in Taiwan
title_full	Ethnobotanical Survey on Skin Whitening Prescriptions of Traditional Chinese Medicine in Taiwan
title_fullStr	Ethnobotanical Survey on Skin Whitening Prescriptions of Traditional Chinese Medicine in Taiwan
title_full_unstemmed	Ethnobotanical Survey on Skin Whitening Prescriptions of Traditional Chinese Medicine in Taiwan
title_sort	ethnobotanical survey on skin whitening prescriptions of traditional chinese medicine in taiwan
publisher	Frontiers Media S.A.
publishDate	2021
url	https://doaj.org/article/0d0863d8e5e24d9f83b9ba15cc9d9f2e
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Ethnobotanical Survey on Skin Whitening Prescriptions of Traditional Chinese Medicine in Taiwan

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