Field demonstration of breathable laminate-lined container-based toilets in Kanpur, India

Drying of fecal sludge (FS) enclosed in a breathable, hydrophobic membrane laminate was investigated in 208 and 40 L container-based toilet (CBS) systems referred to as Eco-Vapor toilets (EVTs). EVTs were constructed and pilot tested in four households in urban slums of Kanpur, India over a period o...

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Autores principales:	Shray Saxena, Puneet K. Srivastava, Steven K. Dentel, Paul T. Imhoff, Daniel K. Cha
Formato:	article
Lenguaje:	EN
Publicado:	IWA Publishing 2021
Materias:	breathable laminate eco-vapor toilets fecal sludge stagnant film model Environmental technology. Sanitary engineering TD1-1066
Acceso en línea:	https://doaj.org/article/0d4decadcb8b484b9089da6592ee3503
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spelling	oai:doaj.org-article:0d4decadcb8b484b9089da6592ee35032021-11-05T19:32:16ZField demonstration of breathable laminate-lined container-based toilets in Kanpur, India2043-90832408-936210.2166/washdev.2021.011https://doaj.org/article/0d4decadcb8b484b9089da6592ee35032021-05-01T00:00:00Zhttp://washdev.iwaponline.com/content/11/3/505https://doaj.org/toc/2043-9083https://doaj.org/toc/2408-9362Drying of fecal sludge (FS) enclosed in a breathable, hydrophobic membrane laminate was investigated in 208 and 40 L container-based toilet (CBS) systems referred to as Eco-Vapor toilets (EVTs). EVTs were constructed and pilot tested in four households in urban slums of Kanpur, India over a period of 2 years. The average moisture losses of 0.8 and 0.9 kg/day were observed in laminate-lined 208 L drums for Year 1 tests, and this in situ drying decreases disposal frequency by 8 days compared with CBS that do not allow FS drying. In Year 2, smaller EVTs with 40 L laminate-lined drums and waste segregation increased replacement time over conventional CBS by 45%, as opposed to the 19% increase observed in Year 1 tests. Despite its limitations, the stagnant film model using meteorological data predicted the mass-loss rate within 52 and 28% error for the 208 and 40 L drums, respectively. HIGHLIGHTS Eco-Vapor toilets (EVTs) use breathable laminate-lined drums to store and dry fecal sludge.; Drying rates of 40 L containers were higher than those of 208 L drums.; In situ drying in the 40 L EVT extended the replacement time by 45%.; The stagnant film model predicted mass-loss rates within 28% error for the 40 L EVT.;Shray SaxenaPuneet K. SrivastavaSteven K. DentelPaul T. ImhoffDaniel K. ChaIWA Publishingarticlebreathable laminateeco-vapor toiletsfecal sludgestagnant film modelEnvironmental technology. Sanitary engineeringTD1-1066ENJournal of Water, Sanitation and Hygiene for Development, Vol 11, Iss 3, Pp 505-514 (2021)
institution	DOAJ
collection	DOAJ
language	EN
topic	breathable laminate eco-vapor toilets fecal sludge stagnant film model Environmental technology. Sanitary engineering TD1-1066
spellingShingle	breathable laminate eco-vapor toilets fecal sludge stagnant film model Environmental technology. Sanitary engineering TD1-1066 Shray Saxena Puneet K. Srivastava Steven K. Dentel Paul T. Imhoff Daniel K. Cha Field demonstration of breathable laminate-lined container-based toilets in Kanpur, India
description	Drying of fecal sludge (FS) enclosed in a breathable, hydrophobic membrane laminate was investigated in 208 and 40 L container-based toilet (CBS) systems referred to as Eco-Vapor toilets (EVTs). EVTs were constructed and pilot tested in four households in urban slums of Kanpur, India over a period of 2 years. The average moisture losses of 0.8 and 0.9 kg/day were observed in laminate-lined 208 L drums for Year 1 tests, and this in situ drying decreases disposal frequency by 8 days compared with CBS that do not allow FS drying. In Year 2, smaller EVTs with 40 L laminate-lined drums and waste segregation increased replacement time over conventional CBS by 45%, as opposed to the 19% increase observed in Year 1 tests. Despite its limitations, the stagnant film model using meteorological data predicted the mass-loss rate within 52 and 28% error for the 208 and 40 L drums, respectively. HIGHLIGHTS Eco-Vapor toilets (EVTs) use breathable laminate-lined drums to store and dry fecal sludge.; Drying rates of 40 L containers were higher than those of 208 L drums.; In situ drying in the 40 L EVT extended the replacement time by 45%.; The stagnant film model predicted mass-loss rates within 28% error for the 40 L EVT.;
format	article
author	Shray Saxena Puneet K. Srivastava Steven K. Dentel Paul T. Imhoff Daniel K. Cha
author_facet	Shray Saxena Puneet K. Srivastava Steven K. Dentel Paul T. Imhoff Daniel K. Cha
author_sort	Shray Saxena
title	Field demonstration of breathable laminate-lined container-based toilets in Kanpur, India
title_short	Field demonstration of breathable laminate-lined container-based toilets in Kanpur, India
title_full	Field demonstration of breathable laminate-lined container-based toilets in Kanpur, India
title_fullStr	Field demonstration of breathable laminate-lined container-based toilets in Kanpur, India
title_full_unstemmed	Field demonstration of breathable laminate-lined container-based toilets in Kanpur, India
title_sort	field demonstration of breathable laminate-lined container-based toilets in kanpur, india
publisher	IWA Publishing
publishDate	2021
url	https://doaj.org/article/0d4decadcb8b484b9089da6592ee3503
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Field demonstration of breathable laminate-lined container-based toilets in Kanpur, India

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