Early Postpartum Stress, Anxiety, Depression, and Resilience Development among Danish First-Time Mothers before and during First-Wave COVID-19 Pandemic

On 11 March 2020, a lockdown to limit the spread of COVID-19 was implemented in Denmark. The pandemic and the lockdown might have caused stress, depression, and anxiety in new mothers. Individuals with high resilience to stress may have been less affected. This study aimed to investigate if changes...

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Autores principales:	Monica Ladekarl, Nanna Julie Olsen, Karoline Winckler, Anne Brødsgaard, Ellen Aagaard Nøhr, Berit Lilienthal Heitmann, Ina Olmer Specht
Formato:	article
Lenguaje:	EN
Publicado:	MDPI AG 2021
Materias:	COVID-19 lockdown mental health motherhood post-partum resilience Medicine R
Acceso en línea:	https://doaj.org/article/0dd4f3a087cb42ffabd4232dea63c4cf
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id	oai:doaj.org-article:0dd4f3a087cb42ffabd4232dea63c4cf
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spelling	oai:doaj.org-article:0dd4f3a087cb42ffabd4232dea63c4cf2021-11-25T17:47:51ZEarly Postpartum Stress, Anxiety, Depression, and Resilience Development among Danish First-Time Mothers before and during First-Wave COVID-19 Pandemic10.3390/ijerph1822117341660-46011661-7827https://doaj.org/article/0dd4f3a087cb42ffabd4232dea63c4cf2021-11-01T00:00:00Zhttps://www.mdpi.com/1660-4601/18/22/11734https://doaj.org/toc/1661-7827https://doaj.org/toc/1660-4601On 11 March 2020, a lockdown to limit the spread of COVID-19 was implemented in Denmark. The pandemic and the lockdown might have caused stress, depression, and anxiety in new mothers. Individuals with high resilience to stress may have been less affected. This study aimed to investigate if changes in perceived stress, anxiety, depression, and resilience from the second trimester until two months postpartum were different before and during the COVID-19 pandemic in Denmark in spring 2020. Pregnant women enrolled in an ongoing feasibility study completed an online questionnaire measuring perceived stress, depression, anxiety, and resilience in the second trimester and two months postpartum. Changes in scores between women completing the two-month postpartum questionnaire before (<i>n</i> = 26) or during (<i>n</i> = 47) the COVID-19 pandemic were calculated. No statistically significant differences in changes from baseline to follow-up between pre- and during-pandemic groups in Cohen’s Perceived Stress Scale (PSS), the Depression, Anxiety, Stress Scale (DASS), or the Connor–Davidson Resilience Scale (CD-RISC) were found. Adjusted differences in group means were as follows: PSS: 0.70 (CI—2.45; 3.85); DASS Stress: 0.76 (CI—3.59; 2.08); DASS Anxiety: 0.47 (CI—0.84; 1.77); DASS Depression: 0.88 (CI—0.95; 2.71); and CD-RISC: 1.19 (CI—3.16; 5.54). In conclusion, we did not find significant differences in the development of stress, depression, anxiety, or resilience before or during the Danish COVID-19 pandemic in spring 2020.Monica LadekarlNanna Julie OlsenKaroline WincklerAnne BrødsgaardEllen Aagaard NøhrBerit Lilienthal HeitmannIna Olmer SpechtMDPI AGarticleCOVID-19lockdownmental healthmotherhoodpost-partumresilienceMedicineRENInternational Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, Vol 18, Iss 11734, p 11734 (2021)
institution	DOAJ
collection	DOAJ
language	EN
topic	COVID-19 lockdown mental health motherhood post-partum resilience Medicine R
spellingShingle	COVID-19 lockdown mental health motherhood post-partum resilience Medicine R Monica Ladekarl Nanna Julie Olsen Karoline Winckler Anne Brødsgaard Ellen Aagaard Nøhr Berit Lilienthal Heitmann Ina Olmer Specht Early Postpartum Stress, Anxiety, Depression, and Resilience Development among Danish First-Time Mothers before and during First-Wave COVID-19 Pandemic
description	On 11 March 2020, a lockdown to limit the spread of COVID-19 was implemented in Denmark. The pandemic and the lockdown might have caused stress, depression, and anxiety in new mothers. Individuals with high resilience to stress may have been less affected. This study aimed to investigate if changes in perceived stress, anxiety, depression, and resilience from the second trimester until two months postpartum were different before and during the COVID-19 pandemic in Denmark in spring 2020. Pregnant women enrolled in an ongoing feasibility study completed an online questionnaire measuring perceived stress, depression, anxiety, and resilience in the second trimester and two months postpartum. Changes in scores between women completing the two-month postpartum questionnaire before (<i>n</i> = 26) or during (<i>n</i> = 47) the COVID-19 pandemic were calculated. No statistically significant differences in changes from baseline to follow-up between pre- and during-pandemic groups in Cohen’s Perceived Stress Scale (PSS), the Depression, Anxiety, Stress Scale (DASS), or the Connor–Davidson Resilience Scale (CD-RISC) were found. Adjusted differences in group means were as follows: PSS: 0.70 (CI—2.45; 3.85); DASS Stress: 0.76 (CI—3.59; 2.08); DASS Anxiety: 0.47 (CI—0.84; 1.77); DASS Depression: 0.88 (CI—0.95; 2.71); and CD-RISC: 1.19 (CI—3.16; 5.54). In conclusion, we did not find significant differences in the development of stress, depression, anxiety, or resilience before or during the Danish COVID-19 pandemic in spring 2020.
format	article
author	Monica Ladekarl Nanna Julie Olsen Karoline Winckler Anne Brødsgaard Ellen Aagaard Nøhr Berit Lilienthal Heitmann Ina Olmer Specht
author_facet	Monica Ladekarl Nanna Julie Olsen Karoline Winckler Anne Brødsgaard Ellen Aagaard Nøhr Berit Lilienthal Heitmann Ina Olmer Specht
author_sort	Monica Ladekarl
title	Early Postpartum Stress, Anxiety, Depression, and Resilience Development among Danish First-Time Mothers before and during First-Wave COVID-19 Pandemic
title_short	Early Postpartum Stress, Anxiety, Depression, and Resilience Development among Danish First-Time Mothers before and during First-Wave COVID-19 Pandemic
title_full	Early Postpartum Stress, Anxiety, Depression, and Resilience Development among Danish First-Time Mothers before and during First-Wave COVID-19 Pandemic
title_fullStr	Early Postpartum Stress, Anxiety, Depression, and Resilience Development among Danish First-Time Mothers before and during First-Wave COVID-19 Pandemic
title_full_unstemmed	Early Postpartum Stress, Anxiety, Depression, and Resilience Development among Danish First-Time Mothers before and during First-Wave COVID-19 Pandemic
title_sort	early postpartum stress, anxiety, depression, and resilience development among danish first-time mothers before and during first-wave covid-19 pandemic
publisher	MDPI AG
publishDate	2021
url	https://doaj.org/article/0dd4f3a087cb42ffabd4232dea63c4cf
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Early Postpartum Stress, Anxiety, Depression, and Resilience Development among Danish First-Time Mothers before and during First-Wave COVID-19 Pandemic

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