Altered structural balance of resting-state networks in autism

Abstract What makes a network complex, in addition to its size, is the interconnected interactions between elements, disruption of which inevitably results in dysfunction. Likewise, the brain networks’ complexity arises from interactions beyond pair connections, as it is simplistic to assume that in...

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Autores principales:	Z. Moradimanesh, R. Khosrowabadi, M. Eshaghi Gordji, G. R. Jafari
Formato:	article
Lenguaje:	EN
Publicado:	Nature Portfolio 2021
Materias:	Medicine R Science Q
Acceso en línea:	https://doaj.org/article/0e125948a38548139f1b37b26c5336ea
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spelling	oai:doaj.org-article:0e125948a38548139f1b37b26c5336ea2021-12-02T15:23:28ZAltered structural balance of resting-state networks in autism10.1038/s41598-020-80330-02045-2322https://doaj.org/article/0e125948a38548139f1b37b26c5336ea2021-01-01T00:00:00Zhttps://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-80330-0https://doaj.org/toc/2045-2322Abstract What makes a network complex, in addition to its size, is the interconnected interactions between elements, disruption of which inevitably results in dysfunction. Likewise, the brain networks’ complexity arises from interactions beyond pair connections, as it is simplistic to assume that in complex networks state of a link is independently determined only according to its two constituting nodes. This is particularly of note in genetically complex brain impairments, such as the autism spectrum disorder (ASD), which has a surprising heterogeneity in manifestations with no clear-cut neuropathology. Accordingly, structural balance theory (SBT) affirms that in real-world signed networks, a link is remarkably influenced by each of its two nodes’ interactions with the third node within a triadic interrelationship. Thus, it is plausible to ask whether ASD is associated with altered structural balance resulting from atypical triadic interactions. In other words, it is the abnormal interplay of positive and negative interactions that matters in ASD, besides and beyond hypo (hyper) pair connectivity. To address this question, we explore triadic interactions based on SBT in the weighted signed resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging networks of participants with ASD relative to healthy controls (CON). We demonstrate that balanced triads are overrepresented in the ASD and CON networks while unbalanced triads are underrepresented, providing first-time empirical evidence for the strong notion of structural balance on the brain networks. We further analyze the frequency and energy distributions of different triads and suggest an alternative description for the reduced functional integration and segregation in the ASD brain networks. Moreover, results reveal that the scale of change in the whole-brain networks’ energy is more narrow in the ASD networks during development. Last but not least, we observe that energy of the salience network and the default mode network are lower in ASD, which may be a reflection of the difficulty in dynamic switching and flexible behaviors. Altogether, these results provide insight into the atypical structural balance of the ASD brain (sub) networks. It also highlights the potential value of SBT as a new perspective in functional connectivity studies, especially in the case of neurodevelopmental disorders.Z. MoradimaneshR. KhosrowabadiM. Eshaghi GordjiG. R. JafariNature PortfolioarticleMedicineRScienceQENScientific Reports, Vol 11, Iss 1, Pp 1-16 (2021)
institution	DOAJ
collection	DOAJ
language	EN
topic	Medicine R Science Q
spellingShingle	Medicine R Science Q Z. Moradimanesh R. Khosrowabadi M. Eshaghi Gordji G. R. Jafari Altered structural balance of resting-state networks in autism
description	Abstract What makes a network complex, in addition to its size, is the interconnected interactions between elements, disruption of which inevitably results in dysfunction. Likewise, the brain networks’ complexity arises from interactions beyond pair connections, as it is simplistic to assume that in complex networks state of a link is independently determined only according to its two constituting nodes. This is particularly of note in genetically complex brain impairments, such as the autism spectrum disorder (ASD), which has a surprising heterogeneity in manifestations with no clear-cut neuropathology. Accordingly, structural balance theory (SBT) affirms that in real-world signed networks, a link is remarkably influenced by each of its two nodes’ interactions with the third node within a triadic interrelationship. Thus, it is plausible to ask whether ASD is associated with altered structural balance resulting from atypical triadic interactions. In other words, it is the abnormal interplay of positive and negative interactions that matters in ASD, besides and beyond hypo (hyper) pair connectivity. To address this question, we explore triadic interactions based on SBT in the weighted signed resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging networks of participants with ASD relative to healthy controls (CON). We demonstrate that balanced triads are overrepresented in the ASD and CON networks while unbalanced triads are underrepresented, providing first-time empirical evidence for the strong notion of structural balance on the brain networks. We further analyze the frequency and energy distributions of different triads and suggest an alternative description for the reduced functional integration and segregation in the ASD brain networks. Moreover, results reveal that the scale of change in the whole-brain networks’ energy is more narrow in the ASD networks during development. Last but not least, we observe that energy of the salience network and the default mode network are lower in ASD, which may be a reflection of the difficulty in dynamic switching and flexible behaviors. Altogether, these results provide insight into the atypical structural balance of the ASD brain (sub) networks. It also highlights the potential value of SBT as a new perspective in functional connectivity studies, especially in the case of neurodevelopmental disorders.
format	article
author	Z. Moradimanesh R. Khosrowabadi M. Eshaghi Gordji G. R. Jafari
author_facet	Z. Moradimanesh R. Khosrowabadi M. Eshaghi Gordji G. R. Jafari
author_sort	Z. Moradimanesh
title	Altered structural balance of resting-state networks in autism
title_short	Altered structural balance of resting-state networks in autism
title_full	Altered structural balance of resting-state networks in autism
title_fullStr	Altered structural balance of resting-state networks in autism
title_full_unstemmed	Altered structural balance of resting-state networks in autism
title_sort	altered structural balance of resting-state networks in autism
publisher	Nature Portfolio
publishDate	2021
url	https://doaj.org/article/0e125948a38548139f1b37b26c5336ea
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Altered structural balance of resting-state networks in autism

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