Early-life exposure to Ivermectin alters long-term growth and disease susceptibility.

Ivermectin is a broad-spectrum antiparasitic medicine, which is often used as a treatment for parasites or as a prophylaxis. While studies have looked at the long-term effects of Ivermectin on helminths, studies have not considered the long-term impacts of this treatment on host health or disease su...

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Autores principales:	Taegan A McMahon, Shannon Fernandez-Denmark, Jeffrey M Grim
Formato:	article
Lenguaje:	EN
Publicado:	Public Library of Science (PLoS) 2021
Materias:	Medicine R Science Q
Acceso en línea:	https://doaj.org/article/0e9238b31c4346c1a233631d96d67c42
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spelling	oai:doaj.org-article:0e9238b31c4346c1a233631d96d67c422021-12-02T20:13:42ZEarly-life exposure to Ivermectin alters long-term growth and disease susceptibility.1932-620310.1371/journal.pone.0258185https://doaj.org/article/0e9238b31c4346c1a233631d96d67c422021-01-01T00:00:00Zhttps://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0258185https://doaj.org/toc/1932-6203Ivermectin is a broad-spectrum antiparasitic medicine, which is often used as a treatment for parasites or as a prophylaxis. While studies have looked at the long-term effects of Ivermectin on helminths, studies have not considered the long-term impacts of this treatment on host health or disease susceptibility. Here, we tracked the effects of early life Ivermectin treatment in Cuban tree frogs (Osteopilus septentrionalis) on growth rates, mortality, metabolically expensive organ size, and susceptibility to Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis (Bd) infection. One year after exposure, there was no effect of Ivermectin exposure on frog mass (X21 = 0.904, p = 0.34), but when tracked through the exponential growth phase (~2.5 years) the Ivermectin exposed individuals had lower growth rates and were ultimately smaller (X21 = 7.78, p = 0.005; X21 = 5.36, p = 0.02, respectively). These results indicate that early life exposure is likely to have unintended impacts on organismal growth and potentially reproductive fitness. Additionally, we exposed frogs to Bd, a pathogenic fungus that has decimated amphibian populations globally, and found early life exposure to Ivermectin decreased disease susceptibility (disease load: X21 = 17.57, p = 0.0002) and prevalence (control: 55%; Ivermectin: 22%) over 2 years after exposure. More research is needed to understand the underlying mechanism behind this phenomenon. Given that Ivermectin exposure altered disease susceptibility, proper controls should be implemented when utilizing this drug as an antiparasitic treatment in research studies.Taegan A McMahonShannon Fernandez-DenmarkJeffrey M GrimPublic Library of Science (PLoS)articleMedicineRScienceQENPLoS ONE, Vol 16, Iss 10, p e0258185 (2021)
institution	DOAJ
collection	DOAJ
language	EN
topic	Medicine R Science Q
spellingShingle	Medicine R Science Q Taegan A McMahon Shannon Fernandez-Denmark Jeffrey M Grim Early-life exposure to Ivermectin alters long-term growth and disease susceptibility.
description	Ivermectin is a broad-spectrum antiparasitic medicine, which is often used as a treatment for parasites or as a prophylaxis. While studies have looked at the long-term effects of Ivermectin on helminths, studies have not considered the long-term impacts of this treatment on host health or disease susceptibility. Here, we tracked the effects of early life Ivermectin treatment in Cuban tree frogs (Osteopilus septentrionalis) on growth rates, mortality, metabolically expensive organ size, and susceptibility to Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis (Bd) infection. One year after exposure, there was no effect of Ivermectin exposure on frog mass (X21 = 0.904, p = 0.34), but when tracked through the exponential growth phase (~2.5 years) the Ivermectin exposed individuals had lower growth rates and were ultimately smaller (X21 = 7.78, p = 0.005; X21 = 5.36, p = 0.02, respectively). These results indicate that early life exposure is likely to have unintended impacts on organismal growth and potentially reproductive fitness. Additionally, we exposed frogs to Bd, a pathogenic fungus that has decimated amphibian populations globally, and found early life exposure to Ivermectin decreased disease susceptibility (disease load: X21 = 17.57, p = 0.0002) and prevalence (control: 55%; Ivermectin: 22%) over 2 years after exposure. More research is needed to understand the underlying mechanism behind this phenomenon. Given that Ivermectin exposure altered disease susceptibility, proper controls should be implemented when utilizing this drug as an antiparasitic treatment in research studies.
format	article
author	Taegan A McMahon Shannon Fernandez-Denmark Jeffrey M Grim
author_facet	Taegan A McMahon Shannon Fernandez-Denmark Jeffrey M Grim
author_sort	Taegan A McMahon
title	Early-life exposure to Ivermectin alters long-term growth and disease susceptibility.
title_short	Early-life exposure to Ivermectin alters long-term growth and disease susceptibility.
title_full	Early-life exposure to Ivermectin alters long-term growth and disease susceptibility.
title_fullStr	Early-life exposure to Ivermectin alters long-term growth and disease susceptibility.
title_full_unstemmed	Early-life exposure to Ivermectin alters long-term growth and disease susceptibility.
title_sort	early-life exposure to ivermectin alters long-term growth and disease susceptibility.
publisher	Public Library of Science (PLoS)
publishDate	2021
url	https://doaj.org/article/0e9238b31c4346c1a233631d96d67c42
work_keys_str_mv	AT taeganamcmahon earlylifeexposuretoivermectinalterslongtermgrowthanddiseasesusceptibility AT shannonfernandezdenmark earlylifeexposuretoivermectinalterslongtermgrowthanddiseasesusceptibility AT jeffreymgrim earlylifeexposuretoivermectinalterslongtermgrowthanddiseasesusceptibility
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Early-life exposure to Ivermectin alters long-term growth and disease susceptibility.

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