Regulation of Viral Restriction by Post-Translational Modifications

Intrinsic immunity is orchestrated by a wide range of host cellular proteins called restriction factors. They have the capacity to interfere with viral replication, and most of them are tightly regulated by interferons (IFNs). In addition, their regulation through post-translational modifications (P...

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Autores principales:	Célia Chamontin, Guillaume Bossis, Sébastien Nisole, Nathalie J. Arhel, Ghizlane Maarifi
Formato:	article
Lenguaje:	EN
Publicado:	MDPI AG 2021
Materias:	restriction factors intrinsic immunity post-translational modifications degradation Microbiology QR1-502
Acceso en línea:	https://doaj.org/article/0ea1bca8f7b14219849fc86a41aad3ca
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spelling	oai:doaj.org-article:0ea1bca8f7b14219849fc86a41aad3ca2021-11-25T19:13:15ZRegulation of Viral Restriction by Post-Translational Modifications10.3390/v131121971999-4915https://doaj.org/article/0ea1bca8f7b14219849fc86a41aad3ca2021-11-01T00:00:00Zhttps://www.mdpi.com/1999-4915/13/11/2197https://doaj.org/toc/1999-4915Intrinsic immunity is orchestrated by a wide range of host cellular proteins called restriction factors. They have the capacity to interfere with viral replication, and most of them are tightly regulated by interferons (IFNs). In addition, their regulation through post-translational modifications (PTMs) constitutes a major mechanism to shape their action positively or negatively. Following viral infection, restriction factor modification can be decisive. Palmitoylation of IFITM3, SUMOylation of MxA, SAMHD1 and TRIM5α or glycosylation of BST2 are some of those PTMs required for their antiviral activity. Nonetheless, for their benefit and by manipulating the PTMs machinery, viruses have evolved sophisticated mechanisms to counteract restriction factors. Indeed, many viral proteins evade restriction activity by inducing their ubiquitination and subsequent degradation. Studies on PTMs and their substrates are essential for the understanding of the antiviral defense mechanisms and provide a global vision of all possible regulations of the immune response at a given time and under specific infection conditions. Our aim was to provide an overview of current knowledge regarding the role of PTMs on restriction factors with an emphasis on their impact on viral replication.Célia ChamontinGuillaume BossisSébastien NisoleNathalie J. ArhelGhizlane MaarifiMDPI AGarticlerestriction factorsintrinsic immunitypost-translational modificationsdegradationMicrobiologyQR1-502ENViruses, Vol 13, Iss 2197, p 2197 (2021)
institution	DOAJ
collection	DOAJ
language	EN
topic	restriction factors intrinsic immunity post-translational modifications degradation Microbiology QR1-502
spellingShingle	restriction factors intrinsic immunity post-translational modifications degradation Microbiology QR1-502 Célia Chamontin Guillaume Bossis Sébastien Nisole Nathalie J. Arhel Ghizlane Maarifi Regulation of Viral Restriction by Post-Translational Modifications
description	Intrinsic immunity is orchestrated by a wide range of host cellular proteins called restriction factors. They have the capacity to interfere with viral replication, and most of them are tightly regulated by interferons (IFNs). In addition, their regulation through post-translational modifications (PTMs) constitutes a major mechanism to shape their action positively or negatively. Following viral infection, restriction factor modification can be decisive. Palmitoylation of IFITM3, SUMOylation of MxA, SAMHD1 and TRIM5α or glycosylation of BST2 are some of those PTMs required for their antiviral activity. Nonetheless, for their benefit and by manipulating the PTMs machinery, viruses have evolved sophisticated mechanisms to counteract restriction factors. Indeed, many viral proteins evade restriction activity by inducing their ubiquitination and subsequent degradation. Studies on PTMs and their substrates are essential for the understanding of the antiviral defense mechanisms and provide a global vision of all possible regulations of the immune response at a given time and under specific infection conditions. Our aim was to provide an overview of current knowledge regarding the role of PTMs on restriction factors with an emphasis on their impact on viral replication.
format	article
author	Célia Chamontin Guillaume Bossis Sébastien Nisole Nathalie J. Arhel Ghizlane Maarifi
author_facet	Célia Chamontin Guillaume Bossis Sébastien Nisole Nathalie J. Arhel Ghizlane Maarifi
author_sort	Célia Chamontin
title	Regulation of Viral Restriction by Post-Translational Modifications
title_short	Regulation of Viral Restriction by Post-Translational Modifications
title_full	Regulation of Viral Restriction by Post-Translational Modifications
title_fullStr	Regulation of Viral Restriction by Post-Translational Modifications
title_full_unstemmed	Regulation of Viral Restriction by Post-Translational Modifications
title_sort	regulation of viral restriction by post-translational modifications
publisher	MDPI AG
publishDate	2021
url	https://doaj.org/article/0ea1bca8f7b14219849fc86a41aad3ca
work_keys_str_mv	AT celiachamontin regulationofviralrestrictionbyposttranslationalmodifications AT guillaumebossis regulationofviralrestrictionbyposttranslationalmodifications AT sebastiennisole regulationofviralrestrictionbyposttranslationalmodifications AT nathaliejarhel regulationofviralrestrictionbyposttranslationalmodifications AT ghizlanemaarifi regulationofviralrestrictionbyposttranslationalmodifications
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Regulation of Viral Restriction by Post-Translational Modifications

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